Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the emergence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are becoming a serious global public health concern. This article aims to assess the overall prevalence of ESBLs among animals in India, with year-wise, zone-wise and species-wise stratification. Systematic search from PubMed, Google Scholar and J-Gate Plus was carried out and 24 eligible articles from 2013–2019 in India were retrieved. The R Open source Scripting software was used to perform statistical analysis. The overall prevalence of ESBLs among animals in India was 9%. The pooled prevalence of ESBLs in animals were 26, 11, 6 and 8% for north, east, south and central zones, respectively. The reported prevalence of ESBLs in animals were 12, 5, 8, 8, 12, 13 and 33% were reported for the years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 respectively. The species-wise stratified results showed a predominance of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (11%) when compared to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. which were 7% and 5%, respectively. The prevalence data generated could be utilized in infection control and in antibiotic use management decisions for developing appropriate intervention strategies.

Livestock Associated-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a antimicrobial resistant bacteria, which has the potential to be pathogenic in humans and animals. The present study aims at employing systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate LA-MRSA prevalence in data extracted from Indian studies. The prevalence of the LA-MRSA isolates was stratified based on type/source of samples (Clinical/healthy animal samples) and meta-analysis was done. Database searches yielded 21 articles published during the period 2014-17. The pooled prevalence estimate of LA-MRSA was 10.0% (95% CI: 7.0-13.0%,  2 =0.6654; P<0.01). Further, samples were stratified as clinical samples and healthy animal samples and LA-MRSA prevalence were 12.0% (95% CI: 8.0-19.0%,  2 =0.7476; P<0.01) and 7.0% (95% CI: 5.0-10.0%,  2 =0.3583; P<0.01) for clinical samples and healthy animal samples, respectively. By using meta-analysis, an overall prevalence of LA-MRSA in animals in India was estimated, which will be useful for researchers, veterinarians and policy makers in planning appropriate intervention strategies.

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