Citrus greasy spot (CGS), caused by Zasmidium citri, induces premature defoliation and yield loss in Citrus spp. The epidemiology of CGS is well understood in high humidity areas, but remains unaddressed in Brazil, despite differing climatic conditions and disease management practices. The spatiotemporal dynamics of CGS were characterized in the Recôncavo of Bahia (Brazil) at four hierarchical levels (quadrant, plant, grove, and region). A survey conducted in 19 municipalities found the disease to be present throughout the region with an incidence of 100% in groves and plants, and higher than 70% on leaves. Index of dispersion (D) values suggest the spatial pattern of units with symptoms lies between random and regular. This was confirmed by the parameters of the binary power law for plants and their quadrants (log[A] < 0 and b < 1). No consistent differences were observed in the disease incidence at different plant heights. We introduce a compartmental model synthesizing CGS epidemiology. The collected data allow such a model to be parameterized, albeit with some ambiguity over the proportion of new infections that result from inoculum produced within the grove versus external sources of infection. By extending the model to include two populations of growers—those who control and those who do not—coupled by airborne inoculum, we investigate likely performance of cultural controls accessible to citrus growers in northeastern Brazil. The results show that control via removal of fallen leaves can be very effective. However, successful control is likely to require area‐wide strategies in which a large proportion of growers actively manage disease.

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is one of the most important diseases for Brazilian citriculture. It is caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, a xylem limited, cycadelid and budwood transmitted bacterium. In Bahia, the second most important citrus region in Brazil, CVC has been present since 1997. Our objectives were to characterize the regional spatial pattern of CVC and to establish a relationship between epidemiological variables and horticultural practices, as well as to evaluate whether control measures used so far have been effective and, based on that, to conceive suitable control measures. A series of surveys were performed in two regions of Bahia State (Recôncavo Baiano and Litoral Norte), along with a survey of horticultural and control practices associated with sampled groves. CVC was restricted to Litoral Norte region, especially to three municipalities along the border between Bahia and Sergipe States. The mean CVC incidence in these municipalities followed a gradient, higher in the countryside and decreasing along the coast. Presence and dissemination of CVC was related to poor nursery practices, a massive use of a susceptible orange variety, and an extreme concentration of orange groves in high incidence municipalities, as well as to the absence of specific CVC control. Considering that CVC was not found in Recôncavo Baiano, this region could be considered a "CVC free zone" by the local government. Keywords: Xylella fastidiosa, Citrus sinensis, Orange, CVC. RESUMO Prevalência, incidência e distribuição da clorose variegada dos citros na BahiaA clorose variegada dos citros (CVC) -causada por Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, bactéria limitada ao xilema, transmitida por insetos cicadelídeos e por material de propagação -é uma das doenças mais importantes da citricultura brasileira. Na Bahia, segundo maior produtor do Brasil, a CVC está presente desde 1997. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar o padrão espacial regional da CVC, estabelecer relações entre as variáveis epidemiológicas e práticas horticulturais e avaliar se as medidas de controle usadas até o momento tem sido efetivas. Uma série de prospecções foi realizada em duas regiões da Bahia (Recôncavo Baiano e Litoral Norte), assim como uma prospecção das práticas horticulturais e de controle da doença associadas aos pomares amostrados. A CVC está restrita à região do Litoral Norte, com maior incidência nos três municípios que fazem fronteira com o Estado de Sergipe. A incidência média nesses municípios seguiu um gradiente, maior no interior e decrescendo em direção ao litoral. A presença e disseminação da CVC foi relacionada ao manejo inadequado de viveiros, uso massivo de variedade copa suscetível, extrema concentração de pomares de laranja doce em municípios de alta incidência e ausência de medidas específicas de controle da doença. O Recôncavo Baiano poderia ser considerado como região livre da CVC pois nenhuma planta sintomática foi encontrada em qualquer das prospecções.