The current study aimed to investigate the stomach of two species of starling Sturnus vulgaris and pigeons Columba livia. The experiment included 10 birds, it is distributed in two equal groups. The ages of birds were on average range 6-9 months (adult age). The observation has appeared the stomach in both the species, is divided into 2 chambers. The results showed the first stomach is called proventriculus. It's characterized as elongated in shape and expansion of the esophagus, located forward the gizzard to posterior at the esophagus in both species. Our study included some gross findings differentiate into two kinds. However, the proventriculus in starling S. vulgaris was characterized as cylindrical-like and had gastric papillae which it's appeared from an external surface of proventriculus with a long isthmus. Whereas our results in pigeon C. livia, the glandular stomach was tubular in shape and no protrudes of gastric papillae during the outer wall of it with the short isthmus. Either gizzard was spherical in the shape of starling and fusiform-like in pigeons, but it was a thin muscular wall and clear at fatty tissue with pale color comparatively with pigeon because the starling birds were represented at omnivores depend on the nutrition added to the grains. In the pigeons, the gizzard had an amount of adipose tissue it's covered most of the external wall of it. The situation of gizzard in pigeon was situated posterior toward proventriculus and had a thick muscular wall with dark-red in color according to nature of the diet, facilities of the grinding grain for indigestion, therefore the pigeons were considered from granivorous. Also, the study included anatomical statics measurements, length, weight, and volume in addition to weights of the birds. Where the study recorded no significant data mean between species of birds proventriculus and gizzard (table 1).

The current study was included 10 birds of Sturnus valguris, divided into two groups, each group has 5 birds for using of the study. Ages of that birds were average between (6-9 months), and they were weight (123-131 g). The present study was had two sides, the first side was represented morphological results and second side was histological target. The trachea was musculo-membranous cartilaginous tube, located between the larynx and runs away toward left and right lungs, inside the thoracic cavity and continuously dorsally with esophagus. The study expressed the trachea in S.valguris decreased in diameter towards posterior progressively, where the study showed tracheal ring, characterized complete ring, the trachea was characterized flexible, non-folded rings and series of cartilage rings, this ring numbers were range average between (70 to 100) in different numbers between types. Second target included the histological results, where it's showed tracheal rings were complete and observed mucosa of trachea was composed pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium which lined internal surfaces of trachea with distribution of goblet cells, either the second layer represented lamina propria was a loose connective tissue which rich a blood vessels. Either others layers represented by submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.

The Aim of this study is to determine the histological structure in the wall layers of large intestine of guinea pig. The cecum and colon was characterized by a delicate lining that is moisturized by mucus and also by a gel that is a by-product of bacterial fermentation. This study was performed on the cecum and ascending and descending colon in five health animals. The cecum and colon wall was composed of four tunicae (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa, the tunica mucosa consist of epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa. The colon lumen lined by simple columnar epithelium with prominent goblet cells. The epithelial surface of the colon is covered by the openings of tubular intestinal glands which penetrate deep into the thick mucosa. The glands consist of absorptive cells that absorb water and salt, goblet cells were secrete the mucus, and scattered Paneth cells. Crypts of Lie beckon (intestinal glands) are a simple tubular glands is observe in most mammals, which extending from the muscularis mucosa through the thickness of the lamina propria and they open into the intestinal lumen. Muscularis mucosa, consisted of very thin two layers of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscles, the greater thickness of the muscularis mucosa was in the adult type and the submucosa was consists of dense a irregular connective tissue. The muscular layer is consists of internal circular and external longitudinal layers of smooth muscles, which mean their thickness is decreased toward the last parts. Thus, the serous coat is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, the thickness was decreases toward the last parts.