No abstract

Background: To date, no studies have been published at evaluating the level of knowledge, awareness and practice of dietary, particularly regarding to urolithiasis in patients or the general population. This study aims to provide basic information on the level of knowledge, awareness and dietary practice among general population in Kuantan, Pahang.Design and Methods: The respondents (n=30) were conveniently recruited within 10 kilometres radius of Kuantan city. The data were obtained using semi-guided administered questionnaires, which consists of four parts: socio-demographic data, lifestyle and clinical history (Part A); attitude and awareness on dietary practice regarding urolithiasis (Part B); food frequency questionnaire on urolithiasis (Part C) and level of knowledge on urolithiasis (Part D).Results: Majority of the respondents were women (70%), Malay (83.3%), mean age of 33.97 (±9.27), married (63.3%), completed higher education level (60%), working with government sector (33.3%) and have fixed monthly income (53.3%). Some of them had hypertension (n=4), diabetes (n=1), gout (n=1) and intestinal problem (n=1). Majority (80%) claimed having no family history of urolithiasis, consumed alcohol (10%), exercise with average frequency 2-3 times/week (46.7%) and heard about urolithiasis from healthcare worker (46.7%). The respondents’ awareness about urolithiasis is considered to be good [81.23 (±9.98)] but having poor knowledge score [2.70 (±1.149)]. Majority preferred wholemeal bread, white rice, chicken meat, mackerel fish, chicken egg, apple, carrot, mustard leave and fresh milk in daily intake. Lesser plain water intake than standard requirement was noticed among respondents. Seasoning powder was commonly used for seasoning.Conclusions: Generally, the general population of Kuantan, Pahang was aware of urolithiasis disease but needed more information on dietary aspect in terms of knowledge and food choice.

This paper discusses challenges in developing high CO2 gas fields based on project execution of Tangga Barat Cluster, the very first high CO2 gas cluster being developed offshore Peninsular Malaysia by PETRONAS Carigali. Discussion focuses on the intricacy and challenges specifically on designing offshore facilities to accommodate one of the largest Acid Gas Removal System (AGRS) offshore. It addresses steps and considerations in decision making, reaching the most advantageous solutions, in designing the AGRS as well as the overall facilities which involves the required supporting utilities. Data from well tests, FORGAS simulations, and process model from HYSYS among others shall be woven in the discussion. The discussions on the executed design strategy shall benefit future high CO2 gas fields projects by providing at the very least, a design guidance. The paper highlights the modus operandi in ensuring the final gas specifications of 8 mole% CO2 is met while accommodating different AGRS technology provider utilities requirements. The membrane technology was identified for the bulk CO2 removal of 35% down to 8% CO2 in sales gas. Due to distinctive differences in the technology provider's removal processes, several factors were considered in designing the process utilities, electrical, mechanical and structural aspect of the system. The overall project economics for hydrocarbon losses in both single and two stage systems were assessed to reach a decision with acceptable losses. The operating conditions of the AGRS were optimized through the analysis of the reservoirs pressure and the booster compressor optimization. In view of the high development costs associated with these acidic fields, it is the author's intent to contribute, to some degree, lessons learnt in the planning, design and execution for future acidic field developments. It is aspired that through costs, time and resources optimization, the overall project economics can be improved. 1.0 Introduction The future offshore gas fields development in Malaysian waters shall see a rapid rise in the development of high CO2 gas fields, attributed by the fact that past focus has been on the conventional or "easy fields", which has now been producing for the last 20 - 30 years and is at various stages of depletion. As one of Malaysia's leading operators, PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd was entrusted with the challenge of executing one of the first cluster of high CO2 gas fields, known as Tangga Barat Cluster (TB Cluster) to meet the Peninsular Malaysia Gas Utilization demand in Q4 2010. TB Cluster is located 185 km offshore East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia in the PM 313 Block at a water depth range of 60m to 70m. Consisting of Melor, Laho, Tangga and Tangga Barat fields, TB Cluster shall have a total of 27 producing wells.

Field development planning is one of the core business processes in the upstream oil and gas industry. Before a discovered field can be developed and its hydrocarbon produced, proper evaluation and planning of the subsurface reservoirs and surface facilities are necessary to ensure that the field development plan is not only economical to undertake, but also flexible enough to cater for any deviation from the original plan during implementation as a result of inherent uncertainties in the reservoirs over the production life span of the field. This paper describes the approach taken to prepare a Field Development Plan (FDP) for a cluster of gas fields located offshore Peninsular Malaysia. The four gas fields namely Melor, Laho, Tangga and Tangga Barat ("Tangga Barat Cluster" in short) are located within a 25 km radius of each other at a common centre. One common denominator among these fields is the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in its reservoirs. The Tangga Barat Cluster fields will be developed with Tangga Barat as the central processing complex, designed for a peak capacity of 440 MMscf/d of raw gas with an initial blended CO2 level of 37 mol % prior to CO2 removal. The raw gas will be processed, pre-treated and CO2 content reduced to below 8 mol % for evacuation to Peninsular Malaysia via an existing infrastructure. The key areas emphasized in the preparation of the field development plan include the business driver, resource assessment, depletion strategy, development concept and selection, managing uncertainties, appraisal requirements, reservoir management, anticipating production problems and disposal of the excess CO2. Introduction The Tangga Barat Cluster fields are located about 150 to 170 km northeast of Kertih, Terengganu offshore Peninsular Malaysia (Figure 1). The Tangga Barat Cluster consists of four gas fields; Melor, Laho, Tangga and Tangga Barat. In the vicinity are two producing fields, Resak which is a gas development located about 51 km southwest of the Tangga Barat field and Dulang, an oil development situated about 20 km south of Tangga Barat. The Tangga Barat Cluster fields were discovered from 1980 to 1993; they remain undeveloped due to the presence of CO2 in its reservoirs, the content level of which is beyond the gas specification required for gas sales. Since then, a total of 10 exploration and appraisal wells have been drilled before the final FDP was submitted and approved by PETRONAS, the host authority for upstream oil and gas business in Malaysia.

BackgroundDietary habit is one of the most important methods to prevent and treat urinary stones. However, only limited evidence of the experiences of dietary management among urinary stone patients in Malaysia is available. This study aimed to explore participants' current dietary practices after the diagnosis of urinary stones and to identify the factors that facilitate their dietary changes.MethodsA qualitative study with purposive sampling was conducted using face‐to‐face semistructured interviews. A total of 20 participants from a tertiary general hospital in Kuantan, Malaysia, were recruited in this study. Data were analysed using framework analysis.ResultsTwo themes emerged from the analysis. The first theme explained the changes in the dietary practice of the participants postdiagnosis. The second theme revealed that the participants' dietary changes were greatly influenced by personal factors and external support from professionals, family and peers.ConclusionsUrinary stone patients highlighted the fear of complications, self‐determination and knowledge of nutrition as the main drivers of their dietary change postdiagnosis. Emphasising proper nutritional care by assessing and evaluating dietary self‐management among patients can facilitate effective self‐care in stone prevention management.