PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the level of social adaptation to climate change among fishermen in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA set of questionnaires was developed based on the individual adaptive capacity framework on social adaptation to climate change developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Based on multi‐stage simple random sampling, a total of 300 registered fishermen in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia were chosen as the respondents.FindingsThe fishermen surveyed had a high level of adaptation with regards to two aspects: first, environmental awareness, attitudes and beliefs; and second, local environmental knowledge. In contrast, they showed a low level of adaptation with regards to three aspects: attachment to place; formal and informal networks; and attachment to occupation. In addition, the fishermen had a moderate level of adaptation in relation to ten other aspects.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study reflect social adaptation towards climate change among registered fishermen in the East Coast Region of Malaysia and results might be different if registered fishermen from other regions are included.Practical implicationsThe study demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of the fishermen's adaptations to climate change. Such strengths and weaknesses have resulted in a number of suggestions and recommendations, which may work as tools by which to generate well‐planned and systematic adaptation options for dealing with the threatening impacts of climate change.Originality/valuePrevious studies, both local and international, have consistently provided comprehensive explanatory reviews regarding climate change impacts on fishermen's activities. However, the common constraint of these studies is that aspects of adaptation are not under their radar; therefore, this study aims to fill this gap.

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This study studied the characteristics of machining hard material milling by using carbide Endmill tool with variation machining and carried out without using cooling water. The method used in this study was experimental by providing machining variables (rotation = 191 rpm, 398 rpm, 764 rpm and 1,082 rpm; feeding speed (Vf) = 0.1; 0.18 and 0.26 mm / min). After machining, a tool wear is measured using a digital microscope with magnification 1,000 times. The results of Endmill tool wear measurements show that maximum wear at Vf = 0.1 mm / min = 0.42 mm; Vf = 0.18 mm / min = 0.428 mm and Vf = 0.26 mm / min = 0.4325 mm / min, the greater the feeding speed, the fewer the number of holes produced. While the effect on roughness is that the speed of feed is more influential on roughness compared to changes in workpiece rotation and the rake angle. The roughness data obtained ranged from 0.495 μm to 2.095 μm, this means that the surface roughness value is still in the standard area (Ni ÷ N9 = 0.025 ÷ 6.3 µm) or it can be said that the selected machining variable can be used as the machining variable perforating hard material