BACKGROUND The study was undertaken to compare the coagulation profiles of preeclampsia and eclampsia women with those of age matched women with normal pregnancies and to determine the accuracy of platelet count as a simple, cost effective screening test to assess the potential severity of complications associated with PIH. METHODS Total 176 cases with 88 PIH (Pregnancy Induced Hypertension) cases and 88 healthy age and parity matched pregnant women were included in the study. Coagulation parameters-Total Platelet Count (TPC), PT (Prothrombin Time) and aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastic Time) were performed by automatic analysers. RESULTS In preeclampsia and eclampsia, decrease in platelet count (1.69±0.53 lacs/cumm) compared to the control group was statistically significant (p= 0.000) and increase in PT (12.5 ± 1.17 sec) and aPTT (30.5 ± 2.29 sec) were significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Platelet count is inversely proportional to severity of PIH and the risk of coagulopathy increases with worsening thrombocytopenia. There are no cases with normal platelet count where PT or aPTT were prolonged. Platelet count is a simple, low cost and rapid routine screening test for coagulopathy in PIH.

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma is one of the most common cancer of women. Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is widely used, most convenient, quick and common preoperative diagnostic modality in breast lesions. Cytological grading on aspirates of breast carcinoma is a very useful tool for surgical manoeuvre and prognosis. The aim of the study is to study the correlation of cytomorphological Robinson's grading with modified Bloom-Richardson's histopathological grading of breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, 140 cytologically malignant breast tumour cases were included in the study and out of which, 90 cases correlated with histology after mastectomy. FNA was performed with 22-24 gauze needle and smears were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, Papanicolaou and May-Grunwald-Giemsa and evaluated for cytological grading according to Robinson's grading system. H and E stained histosections were graded according to Bloom-Richardson's grading system and comparison were done between the two. RESULTS Robinson's cytological grading correlated well with Bloom-Richardson's histopathological grading. The concordance rate between cytology and histology of Grade I, Grade II and Grade III tumours were 84.61%, 79.16% and 87.5%, respectively. Overall, concordance was found to be 83.6%. The Kappa value showed 95% confidence level. Thus, the strength of agreement between two grading systems considered to be fair. The P value on chi-square analysis showed <0.0001, which was considered statistically significant. Hence, the cytological grading is comparable with histological grading. CONCLUSION Robinson's cytological grading of breast carcinoma correlates well with Bloom-Richardson's histomorphological grading system. Hence, cytological grading in FNAC smears can be used as a prognostic factor for choosing the newer treatment modalities.

BACKGROUND Intraoperative squash smear cytology is an important diagnostic tool; it guides the neurosurgeon during surgical resection; it also helps the surgeon to monitor and modify the approach to surgery. Hence prompt and correct diagnosis is essential for early intervention. In the era of stereotactic biopsies where the amount of tissue is very small, accurate diagnosis is imperative and it can be achieved with squash cytology which is a simple, cost effective and rapid technique. In this study, we have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology by comparing with histopathological examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective study conducted in department of Pathology in S.C.B Medical College Hospital for a period of two years from June 2016 to May 2018. The study subjects were 73 consecutive patients operated for tumours of nervous system in department of neurosurgery. Complete clinical and radiological findings were recorded. During surgery, small bits of tissue measuring 1-2 mm 2 were removed and sent in a gauge moistened with saline for squash cytology. The squash smears were correlated with histopathological examination. RESULTS Astrocytoma (31.51%) was the most frequently encountered tumour followed by meningioma (28.77%) and schwannoma (13.70%). Peak incidence of brain tumor was observed in 41-50 years age group. The overall diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology in the present study was 84.93%. CONCLUSION Squash smear cytology proved to be simple, inexpensive, rapid technique for intraoperative consultation of CNS tumours and also aids the neurosurgeon for further proper management.

Varicose veins are defined as dilated usually tortuous, subcutaneous veins >3mm in diameter measured in upright posture with a demonstrable reflux. Varicose veins affect mainly the economically productive age group individuals. The aim of my study was to analyze the age, sex, occupation, mean age of presentation, clinical presentations, complications, treatment options, surgical complications and hospital stay in a case varicose vein patient and to compare with the standard literature results. The study was conducted on 50 patients who came to MKCG MCH Brahmapur, Odisha for treatment during the period of Jun 2012-Jun 2014. The patients underwent thorough clinical examination and Doppler ultrasound of the involved limbs to see for the incompetency of venous system. The data of the study was represented by bar graphs and pie charts. Majority of the patients were of 20-40 years (70%). In our study males constituted 84% and females 16%. The common complaints were tiredness and aching sensations in the leg. But a significant number of patients in our study were having symptoms of advanced disease like hyperpigmentation (26%), ulcer (18%), eczema (16%) and edema (4%). This was probably because these patients neglected their disease in the early stage. Manual workers constitute 28% of our study. Occupations like manual laborer, salesman, farmers, and security guards constitute around 36%. Left sided lesions are common than right side. Long saphenous segment is more commonly involved than short saphenous segment. Both segments are involved in 10% of patients. Sapheno femoral incompetence is the most common observed pathology. The perforators below the knee are commonly involved than lateral perforators. Trendelenburg procedure with stripping of the involved segment is commonly done procedure. Next common is sub facial ligation. Skin staining is the common complication postoperatively. Recurrence occurs in 2% of patients. Mean hospital stay was 11 days' minimum and 29 days maximum. It was finally concluded that varicose veins affected younger age group. Males dominated than females because male dominated society. It affects mostly individuals with long standing occupation. The patients were treated effectively and good results were obtained.

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