Researchers have recently focused on the advancement of new materials from bio-renewable and sustainable sources because of the great concerns about environmental, waste accumulation and destruction, and the inevitable depletion of fossil resources. The bio-renewable-based materials have been extensively used as a matrix or reinforcement in many applications. In the development of innovative methods and materials, composites offer important advantages because of their excellent properties such as ease of fabrication, higher mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and many more. Especially, the nanocomposites (obtained by using biorenewable sources) have significant advantages when compared to conventional composites.The nanocomposites have been utilized in many applications ranging from food, biomedical, electroanalysis, energy storage, wastewater treatment, automotive etc. This comprehensive review provides chemistry, structures, advanced applications and recent developments about nanocomposites obtained from bio-renewable sources.

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Developing biocompatible tissue adhesives with high adhesion properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering due to adverse effects of the sutures. Therefore, our work involves synthesis, characterization, adhesion properties, protein adsorption, in vitro biodegradation, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility properties of xylose-based semisynthetic polyurethane (NPU-PEG-X) bioadhesives. Xylose-based semisynthetic polyurethanes were developed by the reaction among 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (MCI), xylose and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG). Synthesized polyurethanes (PUs) showed good thermal stability and high adhesion strength. The highest values in adhesion strength were measured as 415.0 ± 48.8 and 94.0 ± 2.8 kPa for aluminum substrate and muscle tissue in 15% xylose containing PUs (NPU-PEG-X-15%), respectively. The biodegradation of NPU-PEG-X-15% was also determined as 19.96 ± 1.04% after 8 weeks of incubation. Relative cell viability of xylose containing PU was above 86%. Moreover, 10% xylose containing NPU-PEG-X (NPU-PEG-X-10%) sample has favorable tissue response, and inflammatory reaction between 1 and 6 weeks implantation period. With high adhesiveness and biocompatibility properties, NPU-PEG-X can be used in the medical field as supporting materials for preventing the fluid leakage after abdominal surgery or wound closure.

In this study, novel metallo-supramolecular materials based on terpyridine-functionalized polyhedral silsesquioxane were synthesized from 4 -chloro-2,2 :6 ,2 -terpyridine and amino-group-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. The obtained terpyridine-functionalized polyhedral silsesquioxanes were converted to metallo-supramolecular hybrid materials by coordination polycondensation reaction with Co(II) or Cu(II) ions. The supramolecular polymers created were characterized by means of structure, morphology and stimuli-responsive performance employing scanning electron microscopy, amperometric techniques and UV-visible and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. UV−visible and cyclic voltammetry studies showed that both the optical and electrochemical properties of metallo-supramolecular materials are affected by the substituent at the pyridine periphery. The supramolecular polymers obtained exhibited electrochromism during the oxidation processes of cyclic voltammogram studies. As a result, these terpyridine-functionalized polyhedral silsesquioxanes are good candidates for electronic, opto-electronic and photovoltaic applications as smart stimuli-responsive materials.