: Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal system, which greatly reduce the quality of life of people. In addition to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in treatment, molecules isolated from natural sources are also considered as new options in the treatment of these inflammatory diseases. In this review, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on standardized rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruits without seed used for joint health due to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant effects and active compounds isolated from these fruits are presented. It is reported that the anti-inflammatory action mechanism of standardized rosehip powder is due to its antioxidant activity, inhibiting NF-B signaling, inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, decreasing inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, and lowering C reactive protein levels. The galactolipid (2S)-1,2-di-O-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (GOPO), isolated from rosehip seeds and fruits, has been found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, clinically reducing the complaints of patients with osteoarthritis and improving their quality of life. Additionally, triterpene acid mixture (ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and betulinic acid), also isolated from rosehip, has been reported to reduce the production of interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion: Studies on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of rosehip and its active ingredients and their effects on osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have shown that more detailed clinical studies are required on standardized rosehip powders and preparations enriched in active compounds.

In this study, the antidiabetic, antiobesity, antioxidant, and antihyperlipidemic effects potential of Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves were evaluated by in vitro methods. The effects of the leaves of the plant on pancreatic lipase, pancreatic cholesterol esterase, and PTP1B enzymes were investigated for the first time and it was observed that leaf methanol extract (IC50: 123.67 ± 0.40 μg/ml) and n-hexane sub-extract (IC50: 61.03 ± 0.11 μg/ml) had much stronger effects on pancreatic cholesterol esterase enzyme than simvastatin (IC50: 142.30 ± 5.67 μg/ml). The methanolic extract of P. atlantica leaves exerted strong inhibitory effect on the enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) effective on carbohydrate digestion. It was thought that the methanol extract could provide significant benefits against oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus since it showed antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power) as strong as reference compounds (ascorbic acid and quercetin). Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of rutin (0.328 ± 0.000 g/100 g dry extract), methyl gallate (5.245 ± 0.014 g/100 g dry extract), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (0.231 ± 0.000 g/100 g dry extract), and gallic acid (0.528 ± 0.127 g/100 g dry extract) in methanol extract were performed by RP-HPLC. The phytochemical content of the active sub-fraction obtained from the leaf methanol extract by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography studies was characterized by LC-QTOF-MS. The presence of trigalloylglucose, digalloylglucose, and methyl gallate in the G6 coded sub-fraction obtained by chromatographic techniques from the ethyl acetate sub-extract, which has the highest inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, was determined by LC-QTOF-MS. In addition to the G5 coded subfraction, a strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity was also observed in the G6 coded sub-fraction, and methyl gallate, methyl digallate, 2″-O-galloyl-quercetin-3-O-hexoside, and myricetin-3-O-hexoside were identified in this sub-fraction. This study displayed that the methanol extract of P. atlantica leaves could be a potential source for bioactive compounds with antidiabetic effects by showing inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion.

: Since the leaves of some Pistacia species are used in traditional folk medicine for diabetes, this study investigated the in vitro antidiabetic effect (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) of Pistacia vera leaves. Additionally, the current study investigated the antihypercholesterolemic (cholesterol esterase), antiobesity (pancreatic lipase), and antioxidant activities (i.e., total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) of P. vera leaves. The aqueous-alcoholic leaf extract inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 7.74 ± 0.72, 11.08 ± 3.96, and 168.43 ± 26.10 µg/mL, respectively. It was determined that the crude extract had high DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing power, and moderate metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract obtained by the liquid-liquid fractionation of the crude extract showed potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The EtOAc subextract (5.794 ± 0.027 g/100 g subextract) was standardized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography based on β-pentagalloyl glucose, which showed inhibitory effects on both amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Fifteen compounds, seven of which are organic acid derivatives and eight of which are flavonoids, were identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis in the crude extract of P. vera leaves. Seven of the fifteen phenolic compounds detected in the crude extract by LC-QTOF-MS have both glucosidase and amylase inhibitory effects. As a result, P. vera leaves can be a potential source for compounds with high antioxidant effects that show inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion in the prevention and treatment of diabetes or can be evaluated as a standardized extract.

Salvia officinalis L., known as medicinal sage, and Salvia triloba L., known as Anatolian sage, belong to the Lamiaceae family and are species that usually grow in the Mediterranean region. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic, antiobesity and antioxidant potentials of the extracts prepared by infusion technique from S. officinalis and S. triloba grown by organic farming methods. In addition, the effects of the extracts on the pancreatic cholesterol esterase enzyme were also investigated. Reverse Phase-HPLC technique was used to analyze the phytochemical contents of the extracts. At a concentration of 2 mg/mL, S. officinalis inhibited 64.69% ± 0.23, S. triloba 47.78 ± 2.11% on the α-glucosidase enzyme. Only S. triloba had an inhibitory effect on α-amylase and pancreatic lipase enzyme. On the pancreatic cholesterol esterase enzyme, inhibition values of S. triloba extract at all tested concentrations were found to be higher than S. officinalis extract. When the antioxidant potentials of the extracts were evaluated, the reducing power absorbance values were found to be the highest of the S. officinalis extract. The metal chelating capacity of both extracts at a concentration of 2 mg/mL was calculated as 100%. It was concluded that the ABTS radical scavenging activity of the extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner. With the Reverse Phase-YPSK technique, rosmarinic acid and hesperidin were found to be higher in S. officinalis extract. The presence of hesperidin in S. triloba was detected for the first time in this study. Considering all these findings, it was concluded that activity-guided isolation and in vivo activity studies should be performed because these two species grown by organic farming method have strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant effects.

Amaç: Pistacia, içerisinde P. lentiscus gibi tıbbi türleri ihtiva eden Anacardiaceae familyasına ait, Akdeniz havzası boyunca yaygın dağılıma sahip bir cinstir. P. lentiscus'un çeşitli kısımları geleneksel tıpta pek çok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, P. lentiscus türünün botanik özellikleri, geleneksel kullanımları, fitokimyasal içeriği ve farmakolojik aktiviteleri ile ilgili kapsamlı bilgiler özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Sonuç ve Tartışma: Literatür taramaları bu türün antioksidan, antimutajenik, animikrobiyal, antiviral, antienflamatuvar, gastrointestinal hastalıklar, karaciğer ve serum biyokimyasal parametreler üzerindeki etkileri, antiaterosklerotik ve antidiyabetik, antiparaziter, antitümör, antikolinesteraz, nöroprotektif ve yara iyileştirici aktivitelerin de olduğu çok çeşitli farmakolojik aktiviteler bakımından değerlendirildiğini göstermiştir. P. lentiscus terpenoitler, fenolik bileşikler, yağ asitleri ve steroller gibi çeşitli fitokimyasal bileşenleri ihtiva etmektedir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda P. lentiscus türünün çeşitli farmasötik şekillerde doğal kaynaklı ilaçların geliştirilmesi ve ticarileştirilmesi için önemli bir kaynak olduğu, ama risk faktörlerini daha iyi aydınlatmak adına daha fazla preklinik ve klinik çalışmaya gereksinim duyulduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.