Background: Nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis, is defined by the1presence of nephrotic-range1 proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia & hyperlipidemia. Nephrotic syndrome remains the common manifestation of glomerular disease in childhood. UTI is a common infection accompanying nephrotic syndrome. But there is no local evidence available. Aim: To assess the frequency of urinary tract infection in children presenting with nephrotic syndrome in a tertiary1care hospital. Study design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: Total 280 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included through non-probability convenience sampling. Urine sample was obtained in sterile container & was sent to the pathology1laboratory of the hospital. Then reports were assessed & if pathogen was present, then UTI was labeled. Data was evaluated by using SPSS v.24. Quantitative data was presented as mean±SD. Qualitative data was presented as frequency and percentage. Chi-square test was applied with P-value ≤0.05 taken as significant. Results: The mean age was 7.07±3.09years. There were 152(54.3%) males and 128(45.7%) females. The mean weight of patients was 24.30±7.75kg. The mean duration of nephrotic syndrome was 9.66±5.37months. There were 147(52.5%) patients who had UTI while 133(47.5%) patients did not have UTI. Practical Implication: As there is a high incidence of UTI among nephritic children and there is lack of local data that specifically addresses this health issue thus current study was planned. Results regarding precise estimate of UTI frequency in nephrotic syndrome patients helped to formulate recommendations for early screening to initiate early management of UTI. This information also helped in reducing morbidity and mortality in children with nephrotic syndrome. Conclusion: It was concluded that frequency of UTI was high in children with nephrotic syndrome hence screening of UTI is necessary on regular intervals in children with1nephrotic syndrome. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Nephrotic Syndrome, Children, Proteinuria and Albuminuria.

Objective: To find frequency of Hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers within 24 hours of life. Study Design: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Duration: The study was conducted at paediatric department of Ittifaq hospital Lahore from April 12, 2018 till Oct 12, 2019. Material and Methods: A total of 260 cases after getting approval of synopsis were taken from Neonatal ward after delivery from Ittifaq hospital Lahore. All neonates fulfilling / meeting inclusion criteria were assessed for hypocalcaemia. Their basic history like age (hours), gender, gestational age, birth weight and baseline calcium level were noted. Venous blood was taken for analysis of calcium level and hypocalcaemia was labeled as per operational definition. Results: The mean age of infants was 11.92 ± 6.66 hours with minimum and maximum age as 1 and 24 hours. There were 137(52.7%) male and 123(47.3%) female cases, with higher male to female ratio. The mean gestational age was 39.48 ± 1.68 weeks with minimum and maximum gestational age as 37 and 42 weeks. The mean birth weight was 3193.99 ± 404.12 g with minimum and maximum birth weight as 2500 and 3892 grams. A total of 67(25.8%) neonates had hypocalcaemia while 193(74.2%) neonates had normal calcium level. Practical implication: This study was done to determine the frequency of neonatal hypocalcemia among infants with maternal hypocalcemia due to the lack of data, especially at the local level. If diagnosed early, they can begin treatment right away, which could reduce their mortality and morbidity in our region of the world. Conclusion: Through the findings of this study, it is concluded that, almost a quarter i.e. 25.8% neonates had hypocalcaemia that is considerably high percentage. So, infants born to diabetic mothers should be screened for hypocalcaemia to minimize the risk of related complications like seizure and loss of consciousness etc. Keywords: Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, calcium level, hypocalcaemia

Objective: To determine the frequency of common causes of severe anemia in children under 5 years of age admitted in children hospital, Lahore Design of the Study: Cross sectional study Study Settings: The study was conducted at Department of Pediatric Medicine, Children Hospital, Lahore from 5 Sep 2018 to 5 March 2019. Material and Methods: Patients were evaluated for the severity of anemia by the Hb level, baseline investigations, CBC with peripheral film and retics count, Hb electrophoresis, osmotic fragility test, G6PD assay, serum bilirubin, coomb’s test and bone marrow biopsy ,if required. The demographic characteristics of patients and WHO criteria for Hb level was noted on the specifically designed study proforma. A blood sample was drawn and was sent to hospital laboratory for analysis of related causes of severe anemia. The collected data was entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 17.0. Results of the Study: The mean age of patients was 30.41 ± 18.60 months with minimum and maximum age as 1 and 60 months. There were 169(46.3%) boys and 196(53.7%) girls with slightly higher female to male ratio. The mean Hb level was 5.15 ± 1.06 g/dL with minimum and maximum Hb as 3.40 and 6.90 g/dL. The common causes of anemia were assessed that showed 232(63.6%) patients had iron deficiency, 7(1.9%) cases had Sickle cell anemia, 37(10.1%) cases had Septicemia and 89(24.4%) cases had malaria Conclusion: According to the findings of current study, the common causes of severe anemia in local children are found to be, iron deficiency anemia in 232(63.6%) cases, Sickle cell anemia in7(1.9%) cases ,septicemia in 37(10.1% ) cases and malaria in 89(24.4%) cases. So during clinical evaluation of patients it must be kept in mind that these factors can contribute to severe anemia. So, preventive and therapeutic strategies must be ensured to minimize the risk of severe anemia in these children Keywords: Anemia, Prevalence, Nutritional status, Risk factors, malaria, iron deficiency, Septicemia, sickle cell anemia

MANET is a wireless ad-hoc network which includes mobile nodes. In MANET mobile refers to the movable nodes which can change their location frequently. MANET is a network which has no central infrastructure; it is a self-managing and self-configuring network. In MANET devices can be heterogeneous like laptops, mobiles, PDAs, etc. Due to the mobility of the nodes and no infrastructure mobile ad hoc network can be used in disaster and emergency situations. Mobile ad-hoc network has the features of dynamic topology, multi-hop routing, energy constraint and easy setup. The nodes in the MANET work as a both host and a router, to make routes in the network. Due to all these flexible features of MANET there are many security vulnerabilities arise. In MANET routing is a main concern due to the mobility and the node work as a router. The security of the routing layer is essential because if any attack interrupts the communication security of whole network can be compromised. There are different types of attacks in MANET: internal attacks, external attacks, active attacks and passive attacks. The attacks of network layer are identified in this paper. Some routing protocols are used for the security of MANET like SAODV, SRP, SEAD and Ariadne etc. In this paper, we present a review of routing attacks and their possible solutions for example, how to avoid f these attacks.