No abstract
Drought is a major environmental stress factor that affects the growth and development of plants. Most of the physiological traits associated with drought tolerance are quantitative in nature. An important research strategy that has been widely used to deal with such complexity is to use molecular markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in appropriate mapping populations. In response to drought brought about by soil water deficit, plants can exhibit either drought escape or drought resistance mechanisms, with resistance further classified into drought avoidance and drought tolerance. Drought escape is the ability of plants to complete the life cycle before severe stress arrives. Drought avoidance is the maintenance of high tissue water potential in spite of soil water deficit. Drought avoidance is consequence of improved water uptake under stress and the capacity of plant cells to hold acquired water that reduces water loss. Drought tolerance is the ability to withstand water deficit with low tissue water potential. Plant water status that includes leaf water potential, osmotic potential and relative water content (RWC) represents an easy measure of water deficit and provides best sensor for stress. Genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) approaches, such as markerassisted selection (MAS), can greatly improve precision and efficiency of selection in crop breeding. Molecular markers can facilitate indirect selection for traits that are difficult or inconvenient to score directly, pyramiding genes from different sources and combining resistance to multiple stresses. Conventional breeding for developing drought-tolerant crop varieties is time-consuming and labor intensive due to the quantitative nature of drought tolerance and difficulties in selection for drought tolerance. The identification of genomic regions associated with drought tolerance would enable breeders to develop improved cultivars with increased drought tolerance using marker-assisted selection (MAS). This requires integration of knowledge from plant physiology and biotechnology into plant breeding. The availability of a large number of molecular markers, dense genetic maps and markers associated with traits and transcriptomics resources have made it possible to integrate genomics technologies into chickpea improvement.
The paper aims at evaluating genetic diversity among genomes of chickpea comprising of 5 different varieties with the help of simple sequence repeats (SSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA isolated from all varieties was checked with 15 different SSR markers specific for ENDPOINT PCR using PCR based techniques. Amplification bands with different markers enabled identification of the genomic regions responsible for Drought Tolerance in chickpea. All 15 SSR markers chosen gave monomorphic bands. A hierarchical tree was also constructed using UPGMA Dendogram for figuring out the exact genetic distance of cultivars using band amplification data. It depicted GUJ-1 and GUJ-2 are closest of all cultivars. GUJ-5 is at the center having GUJ-3 and UJJAVAL at an almost equal distance but GUJ-5 and GUJ-3 are more related. Physiological data also supported this genetic evidence. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 236-242
specify the genetic differences between various species. Genetic markers are biological compounds which can be resolved by allelic variations and can be used as experimental labels or probes to track a discrete, tissue, cell, nucleus, chromosomes or genes. There are three major types of genetic markers: (a) Morphological markers (which are also called "classical" or "visible" markers) which are phenotypic traits, (b) Biochemical markers, which are called isozymes, including allelic variants of enzymes, and (c) DNA markers (or molecular markers), which reveals sites of variation in
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