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Viscoelastic properties of sweet potato starch (SPS) pastes (5% w ⁄ w) were studied in the presence of various sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and xylose) at different concentrations (0, 10 and 20%) by small-deformation oscillatory measurements. Dynamic frequency sweeps at 20°C indicated that all SPS-sugar mixtures were more elastic than viscous with storage moduli (G¢) higher than loss moduli (G¢¢) at all values of frequency with a frequency dependency. Dynamic moduli (G¢ and G¢¢) values increased with the increase in sugar concentration from 10 to 20%. Changes in the dynamic moduli were more pronounced with xylose in comparison to the control (no sugar) and other sugars. G¢ values as a function of ageing time (10 h) at 4°C continuously increased with time during ageing without a plateau region. In general, G¢ values of SPS-sugar mixtures during ageing decreased in the following order: pentose (xylose) > hexose (glucose and fructose) > control > disaccharide (sucrose), indicating that the xylose had the greatest ability in retarding retrogradation of SPS.

ABSTRACT. Epitheliocystis in the carp of a pet fish market were investigated by our diagnostic work and collecting information from department of laboratory animal medicine and fish & shellfish laboratory. The epitheliocystis was identified by using histopathological examination. Epitheliocystis was confirmed as inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and lamellar fusion of the gill tissue. Electron microscopic observation showed that the inclusions were filled with Chlamydia-like organism. KEY WORDS: Cyprinus carpio, epitheliocystis, gill infection.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67(1): 119-120, 2005 Epitheliocystis has been described in over 30 species of fish, including both wild and cultured marine and freshwater species [1,5]. Mortality rates ranging from 4 to 100% in larvae and juveniles of cultured fish with epitheliocystis are common, although the condition is usually benign [1,5]. Gills and (rarely) skin are the primary target organs [5]. Lesions present as white miliary nodules up to 1 mm in diameter on the skin or gills. Epitheliocystis is characterized by the presence of hypertrophied cells containing fine basophilic granular inclusions in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining [5,7]. The causative agent is an intracellular bacteria, most probably Chalmydia-like organisms or Rickettsia-like organisms [1,3,5,7]. This study is the first report for occurrence of epitheliocystis in carp in Korea.Seven carp (body length: 7-23 cm, body weight: 20-230 g) with morbidity were collected from a pet fish market (Seosan, Korea) for diagnostic work. Organ samples were immediately fixed in Davidson's fixative over 24 hr with slight shaking. Fixed tissues were dehydrated in an alcoholxylene series, and embedded in paraffin wax. From each block, 2 µm sections were prepared and stained with HE for histopathological examination. The HE stained sections containing inclusions were selected for electron microscopic observation. The selected sections were postfixed in 1% OsO 4 , and rinsed with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) for 30 min. After dehydration in a series of alcohol-propylene oxide, the sections were in situ embedded in an Epoxy resin (Quetol 812, DDSA, MNA, DMP 30) at 60°C. Ultrathin sections were made by diamond knife and double-stained with 1% uranyl acetate and 1% lead citrate, and examined with a transmission electron microscope (JEM 100CX II, JEOL, Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV.On histopathological examination, all of the fish samples were diagnosed with epitheliocystis. Round cysts from 10 to 40 µm diameter were observed at the proliferative lesion between the second gill lamellar (Fig. 1). The inclusion bodies contained a homogenous basophilic granular material. Moderate epithelial hyperplasia of the gill tissue, occasionally leading to lamellar fusions, was observed. Extensive inflammation, including granulocytes and monocytes was seen in all infected gill tissue. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that cysts were filled with polymorphic cells 0.2-0.4 µm in diameter (Fig. 2) , and white sturgeon [3...

The immunoenhancing effects of Lactobacillus fermentum PL9005 were assessed via mouse intragastric inoculation. The number of immunoglobulin A-positive cells in the small intestine, CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and the lymphocyte proliferation response to mitogen stimulation (lipopolysaccharide) increased in mice fed L. fermentum PL9005. The lactic acid concentration also increased dose dependently in the small intestine of mice fed L. fermentum PL9005. No differences were found in body weight, food intake, and clinical signs between mice fed L. fermentum PL9005 and the control group. Results indicated that L. fermentum PL9005 is a probiotic with immunoenhancing properties.