Calcium hydroxylapatite filler is a popular dermal filler, as it provides long-lasting results. However, it sometimes undergoes unexpected early volume loss, due to rapid gel absorption before neocollagenesis. To compensate for this phenomenon, hyaluronic acid filler was added to calcium hydroxylapatite filler for injection as a mixture. Twenty-five patients who scored 1 or 2 on the Merz 5-point scale for the nasolabial fold and jawline were injected with 3.0 mL of the mixture. The mixture was prepared with 1.0 mL of hyaluronic acid filler, 0.5 mL of lidocaine, and 1.5 mL of calcium hydroxylapatite filler. A visual analog scale (VAS) and the 5-point global satisfaction scale (GSS) were used for objective and subjective assessments. In a subset of patients, for histologic analysis, 0.1 mL of the mixture and 0.1 mL of only calcium hydroxylapatite filler were injected into the right and left postauricular areas, respectively. The histologic analysis was performed 6 months after implantation. The mean VAS and GSS scores for both sets of wrinkles were above “fair” at every follow-up, including at short-term and long-term periods. The skin biopsies from both postauricular areas from selected patients showed increased dermal collagen bundles without inflammation. The mixture of calcium hydroxylapatite filler and hyaluronic acid filler maintained constant volume with high satisfaction, as hyaluronic acid filler compensated for the unexpected early volume loss of calcium hydroxylapatite filler. This procedure can be applied safely, and it is also convenient, because no retouching procedure is needed.

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ObjectivesZZThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of depression, impulsivity, and resilience on smartphone addiction in university students.MethodsZZA total of 322 students from two universities in Seoul were enrolled in this study. Participants were divided into a risk user group and normal user group according to results using the Korean smartphone addiction scale. We additionally surveyed smartphone use patterns of the participants. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RS) were also used for measurement of the participants' severity of depression, impulsivity, and resilience.ResultsZZThe risk user group spent more time using a smartphone on weekdays than the normal user group. The risk user group showed significantly higher scores on BDI, BIS than the normal user group. The risk user group showed significantly lower scores on CD-RS than the normal user group. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that impulsivity was a significant factor affecting smartphone addiction in university students.ConclusionZZThese results suggest that smartphone addiction is influenced by impulsivity. Students with high impulsivity may be vulnerable to smartphone addiction. Further research regarding the underlying mechanisms of these associations is needed.J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2014;53(4):214-220 KEY WORDSZZ Smartphone · Addiction · Impulsivity · Depression · Resilience.

The cingulum bundle (CB) connects gray matter structures of the limbic system and as such has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. There is growing evidence to suggest that the CB is actually comprised of a conglomeration of discrete sub-connections. The present study aimed to use Diffusion Tensor tractography to subdivide the CB into its constituent sub-connections, and to investigate the structural integrity of these sub-connections in patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy controls. Diffusion Tensor Imaging scans were acquired from 24 patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and 26 matched healthy controls. Deterministic tractography was used in conjunction with FreeSurfer-based regions-of-interest to subdivide the CB into 5 sub-connections (I1 to I5). The patients with schizophrenia exhibited subnormal levels of FA in two cingulum sub-connections, specifically the fibers connecting the rostral and caudal anterior cingulate gyrus (I1) and the fibers connecting the isthmus of the cingulate with the parahippocampal cortex (I4). Furthermore, while FA in the I1 sub-connection was correlated with the severity of patients' positive symptoms (specifically hallucinations and delusions), FA in the I4 sub-connection was correlated with the severity of patients' negative symptoms (specifically affective flattening and anhedonia/asociality). These results support the notion that the CB is a conglomeration of structurally interconnected yet functionally distinct sub-connections, of which only a subset are abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, while acknowledging the fact that the present study only investigated the CB, these results suggest that the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia may have distinct neurobiological underpinnings.