IntroductionMalassezia, an abundant genus of the fungal microflora found on human skin, is recognized as an opportunistic fungus owing to its association with various skin diseases [1][2][3]. The phylum, subphylum, class, order, and family of Malassezia are Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Malasseziomycetes, Malasseziales, and Malasseziaceae, respectively [4]. Fourteen well-established species of Malassezia and four additional species have been identified to date. Out of the 18 species, 10 species (M. restricta, M. globosa, M. arunalokei, M. sympodialis, M. dermatis, M. slooffiae, M. furfur, M. obtusa, M. japonica, and M. yamatoensis) were isolated mainly from human skin, whereas the others are normally isolated from animal skin [5]. In the case of zoophilic species, M. pachydermatis is one of the most dominant fungal species isolated from companion animals, such as dogs [6]. M. restricta and M. globosa have been identified as the most predominant fungal species on human skin by several studies involving early culture-based, targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based, or recent skin mycobiome analysis-based studies [1,[7][8][9].Malassezia seems to have evolved in niche specific manner and is well-adapted to the skin environment, wherein carbohydrates are restricted but lipids are abundant, a condition that favors the lipophilic characteristics of the fungus. Malassezia possesses multiple genes encoding lipases; hence, a number of studies have suggested that the secreted lipases might play an important role in not only the survival but also in the pathogenesis of the fungus in the hosts [10][11][12]. In this review article, we focused on the recent advances on Malassezia in the context of an emerging interest for lipases. We present the background information for the skin diseases associated with Malassezia and summarize the current knowledge on the fungal lipases. Malassezia-Associated Skin Diseases in HumansNumerous studies that analyzed the fungal communities on human skin suggested Malassezia as the predominant fugal genus. Mycobiome analyses of samples collected from 14 different body sites of 10 healthy adults revealed that M. restricta and M. globosa were commonly isolated from the glabella, external auditory canal, and retroauricular crease; and the occiput, back, and inguinal crease; respectively [1]. Comparison of the fungal communities inhabiting skin between healthy adults and children revealed that M. restricta dominates at the sebaceous sites in adults rather than in children [9]. Furthermore, it was shown that the occiput, back, and manubrium exhibited M. globosa predominance, whereas M. restricta was predominant in the external auditory canal, retroauricular crease, and forehead [9]. Since Malassezia lives on the skin surface, it is usually associated with numerous skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff, atopic dermatitis, and pityriasis versicolor. Although various studies suggested that skin disorders and Malassezia are linked, our knowledge regarding the physiology and pat...

In this study, we investigated the fruit and vine characteristics of hypo-and hyper-tetraploid grapes from which a chromosome was added or deleted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of developing seedless grapes by utilizing the characteristics of hypo-and hyper-tetraploid grapes. Both the hypo-and hyper-tetraploid grapes showed stable vine growth characteristics unlike other aneuploid plants, which displayed abnormal leaf morphology and unstable vine growth patterns, indicating that hypo-and hyper-tetraploid grapes can be used for commercial purpose. The hypo-tetraploid grapes produced 100% seedless fruits, with large berries ranging from 8.5 to 10.5 g, when the grapes were applied with 100 ppm gibberillic acid during their full bloom period. Although the fruits of the hyper-tetraploid grape were larger than those of the hypo-tetraploid grapes, it produced a lower percentage of seedless fruits. We conclude that the characteristics of hypo-tetraploid grapes may be exploited to develop seedless grapes with large berries.

-Rheum undulatum L. has been commonly used as a cure for hematemesis, dropsy, and haematuria in the Oriental medicine for a long time. The main constituents of R. undulatum are chrysophanol and emodin, which are an antioxidative substance that has an anthraquinone structure. In the present study, to develop a new anti-aging agent, we examined the antioxidant activity and the inhibitory effect of the R. undulatum extract on the synthesis of MMP-1 in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts and MMP-1 activity. The R. undulatum extract was found to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system by a dose-dependent manner, respectively. UVA-induced MMP-1 expression was reduced about 79.5% by 1 μg/ml of the R. undulatum extract and also inhibited MMP-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, it was observed that the R. undulatum extract has the antioxidant activity, regulation of UVA-induced MMP-1 production, and inhibition of MMP-1 activity. Therefore, these results suggest that the R. undulatum extract can be developed as a new anti-aging component of cosmetics.

Treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the oral cavity can be a challenge due to its rarity. The current case report details metastatic carcinoma of the mandible originating from follicular thyroid carcinoma, which is the second most prevalent tumor of the thyroid. As the mandibular lesion developed, the primary thyroid lesion of thyroid. Here, we report a case of metastatic carcinoma of the mandible in a 67-year-old female that was treated with partial mandibulectomy and fibular free flap.

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease in patients with diabetes, which can develop simultaneously with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in postmenopausal women. Bisphosphonate (BP) is administered to patients with both conditions and may cause medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). It affects the differentiation and function of osteoclasts as well as the thickness of the cortical bone through bone mineralization. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of T2D on osteoclast differentiation and activity as well as cortical bone formation in postmenopausal patients with MRONJ. Tissue samples were collected from 10 patients diagnosed with T2D and stage III MRONJ in the experimental group and from 10 patients without T2D in the control group. A histological examination was conducted, and the expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was assessed. Cortical bone formation was analyzed using CBCT images. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and DC-STAMP-positive mononuclear cells was significantly less in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the thickness and ratio of cortical bone were significantly greater in the experimental group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, T2D decreased the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and increased cortical bone formation in postmenopausal patients with MRONJ.