A commercial process for the recovery of metals from the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) etching industry wastewater by liquid-liquid extraction has been developed. A suitable cross current simulated batch process was developed, and extraction mechanisms involved in the process were analyzed. Mathematical models were proposed to correlate metal extractability with respect to extractant concentrations and metal loading with respect to the solvent/solution volume ratio. Optimum conditions required for the complete scrubbing of Mo and Sn using Cyanex 272 and quantitative extraction of pure In using DP-8R were estimated by a proposed model. A good agreement between the proposed model and the observed results was found. Based on the laboratory scale simulation, a pilot plant batch process was developed and simulated. The developed process is a techno-economically feasible, environmentally friendly, occupationally safe, and clean and green process for the commercial treatment of ITO etching industry wastewater and recovery of valuable metals through liquid-liquid extraction. In with 99.999% purity, Cu nanopowder with 99.999% purity, Mo and Sn with 99% purity were recovered.

A laboratory scale sustainable commercial green process for treatment of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) etching wastewater and total recovery of In, Mo, Sn and Cu by combination liquid-liquid extraction and wet chemical reduction has been developed. The ITO etching wastewater is a threat to the ecosystem and human health, containing significant amounts of valuable metals like In and Cu. In metal and 100nm Cu nanopowder with 5N purity has been recovered. The developed process concurrently treats the ITO etching wastewater and recovers pure metals. By the process, Mo and Sn are recovered by liquid-liquid extraction, In is recovered through liquid-liquid extraction followed by wet chemical reduction. Value added semiconductor industry grade Cu nanopowder is recovered through wet chemical reduction using ascorbic acid. After a series of treatment, the wastewater is free of pollutant, worthy to use in the same industry or disposed. The process is a sustainable, green, versatile and flexible process.

Extraction/separation of cobalt by solvent extraction is reviewed. Separation of cobalt using various reagents and also cobalt recovery from scrap using commercial extractant were analyzed. The separation ability for cobalt followed the order of phosphinic > phosphonic > phosphoric acid due to the increasing stabilization of tetrahedral coordination of cobalt complexes with the extractant in the organic phase. Depending upon the solution composition, commercial extractants like Cyanex 272, D2EPHA and PC 88A should primarily be used for commercial extraction processes and also the efficient management of their combination could address various separation issues associated with cobalt bearing scrap.

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We investigated amorphous metal‐oxide semiconductor based electronics for flexible and stretchable applications. In particular, we demonstrated a‐IGZO and SWCNT hybrid flexible amplifiers on PI substrate. Also, mesa structured a‐IGZO TFTs showed stable electrical operation under 125 μm bending radius up to 10000 cycles, enabling ultra‐flexible 7‐stage ring oscillator circuit.