Introduction Thrombosis of fistula occurs most frequently in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients receiving hemodialysis. However, the role of thrombophilia in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure has not been well established. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the roles of hereditary and acquired thrombophilic factors in association with AVF failure among patients with ESKD undergoing hemodialysis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 ESKD patients, of whom 50 patients with well-functioning AVFs with no fistula failures earlier were enrolled as Group 1, and 50 patients who have had AVF failure were enrolled as Group 2. The hereditary factors as factor V Leiden, factor XIII, prothrombin, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase and the acquired factors as lipoprotein (a), fibrinogen, homocysteine, and anticardiolipin antibodies IgG and IgM were studied. Results Among the hereditary factors, no statistically significant difference was observed in relation to factor V Leiden and Prothrombin ( p > 0.05). However, for factor XIII and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, a statistically significant difference was observed between patients with well-functioning AVFs and patients who have had AVF failure ( p < 0.05). We found a statistically significant increase in all the acquired factors in patients who have had AVF failure in comparison with patients with well-functioning AVFs ( p < 0.001). Association between ABO blood groups and thrombophilic factors showed significant association between factor V Leiden, anticardiolipin antibody IgG and IgM and ABO blood groups ( p < 0.05), whereas none of the other thrombophilic factors showed significant association ( p > 0.05). Conclusion Thus, our study suggests significant role of acquired factors in causing AVF failure.

Melioidosis is an infection of humans caused by the saprophytic bacterium Burkholderia (previously Pseudomonas) pseudomallei. We present a patient of cerebral abscess and calvarial osteomyelitis caused by B. pseudomallei in a renal transplant recipient. We treated the patient with ceftazidime for 3 weeks, followed by trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) for 6 months. The superficial abscess reduced in size at the end of first month and subsided gradually. A repeat MRI showed reduction in intracranial abscess. The patient had no neurological deficit.

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