Augmentin Ò was used as an alternative antibiotic for suppressing Agrobacterium tumefaciens during tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) transformation. The efficiency of Augmentin compared with Timentin Ò

We report the simple and rapid method for detection of tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) based on the direct capture of virus particles to the surface of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tube. This method allowed PCR without the time-consuming procedures of DNA extraction from infected plant tissue. A small amount of tomato tissue (approximately 10 mg) was ground in extraction buffer to release viruses from plant tissues. The constituents of the plant extract that might inhibit PCR activity were discarded by washing the tube with PBST buffer before adding the PCR mixture to the tube. This method was used for detection of TYLCTHV with plant sap solution diluted up to 1:20,000 and was more sensitive than an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In addition, this method can be used for detection of TYLCTHV in viruliferous whiteflies. The PCR tubes with captured TYLCTHV could be used for PCR, after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 wk. The method presented here was used for detection of begomoviruses in cucurbit and pepper. In addition, this method was effectively used to detect papaya ringspot virus in papaya and zucchini yellow mosaic virus in cucumber by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR.

Background:: Hevea brasiliensis is severely affected by the fungal disease caused by Phytophthora spp. Significant loss of rubber yield is widespread and extensive use of chemical fungicides has resulted in health and environmental problems. background: Hevea brasiliensis is severely affected by the fungal disease caused by Phytophthora spp. Significant loss of rubber yield is widespread and extensive use of chemical fungicides has resulted in health and environmental problems. Objective:: This work aims to extract and identify the latex serum peptides from a disease tolerant clone of Hevea brasiliensis, and study the inhibitory efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. objective: This work aims to extract and identify the latex serum peptides from a disease tolerant clone of Hevea brasiliensis, and study the inhibitory efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods:: Serum peptides were extracted from H. brasiliensis BPM 24 using mixed lysis solution. Low molecular weight peptides were screened and fractionated by solid-phase extraction and then identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Total and fractionated serum peptides were assayed for bacterial and fungal inhibition using broth microdilution and poisoned food methods. An inhibitory control study in the greenhouse was also performed using susceptible clones for pre- and post-infection with Phytophthora spp. method: Serum peptides were extracted from H. brasiliensis BPM 24 using mixed lysis solution. Low molecular weight peptides were screened and fractionated by solid-phase extraction and then identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Total and fractionated serum peptides were assayed for bacterial and fungal inhibition using broth microdilution and poisoned food methods. An inhibitory control study in greenhouse was also performed using susceptible clones for pre- and post-infection with Phytophthora spp. Results:: Forty-three serum peptide sequences were successfully identified. Thirty-four peptides matched with the proteins associated with plant defense response signaling, host resistance, and adverse environmental factors. The inhibitory study of total serum peptides demonstrated anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. The greenhouse study exhibited disease inhibitory efficacy of 60% for the treatment of Phytophthora spp. in post-infected plants and 80% for pre-treated samples. Conclusion:: Latex serum peptides from disease tolerant H. brasiliensis revealed several proteins and peptides associated with plant defense and disease resistance. The peptides play a vital role for defense against bacteria and fungi pathogens, including Phytophthora spp. Enhanced disease protection can be obtained when the extracted peptides were applied to the susceptible plants before exposure to the fungi. These findings provided an insight and may pave the way for the development of biocontrol peptides from natural resources. other: -