Gibbons are highly territorial and have two key areas within these territories. The core area in which we find all sleeping trees and the trees from which the gibbons duet and the wider home range (HR) which has varying levels of overlap with neighbouring gibbon groups. The core area is strenously defended, with the wider HR being more of a shared area for neighbouring groups. We present ranging and movement data on four wild gibbon groups from January 2010 to July 2018. Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected every 5 mins on habitauted groups in Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia resulting in 35,521 waypoints. Gibbon home- and corerange sizes were calculated using 95%, and 50%, volume contours of kernel density estimates. Home-ranges ranged from 58.74–147.75 ha with a mean of 95.7 ± SD 37.75 ha, the highest of comparable Hylobates species. Core-range size ranged from 20.7–51.31 ha with a mean size of 31.7 ± SD 13.76 ha. Gibbons had consistant site fidelity for their home- and core ranges; percentage overlap ranged from 4.3 23.97% with a mean 16.5 ± SD 8.65% overlap in home-range area. Core ranges did not overlap with the exception of two groups, in which a 0.64 ha (2.69%) overlap occurred. Unsurprisingly forest loss from fire does affect the location of the HR of the impacted group, but does not appear to affect adjacent groups, though more data are needed on this. Understanding the complex use of space of these territorial animals is important in assessing both carrying capacity for wild populations and understading how reintroduced gibbon pairs will establish their core and HR.

Using direct observations and camera traps at eight sites across Indonesian Borneo we show how red langurs (Presbytis rubicunda) are more terrestrial than previously believed, regularly coming to the ground. This unusual behavior has been found at six of the eight sites surveyed. We find that red langurs come to the ground more frequently in disturbed forests, specifically ones which have been impacted by logging, fire, and hunting, though more data are needed to confirm this as a direct correlation. We also found a trend towards decreased ground use with increased elevation of the habitat. When on the ground, red langurs are predominantly engaged in feeding (50% direct observations, 61% camera traps) and traveling (29% direct observations, 13% camera traps). Red langurs are found on the ground throughout the day, at similar times to activity periods of the apex predator, the Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi). We suggest that ground use by red langurs could be an adaptation to disturbed forest to exploit additional food sources and to facilitate travel.

Ucapan terima kasih Penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah turut membantu dalam pembuatan buku ini, diantaranya Bapak Silas Sinar, BA, Kepala Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kutai Barat, masyarakat kampung lokasi survei, petinggi dan tokoh masyarakat di kampung lokasi survei, Kepala Adat dan masyarakat Kampung Jengan Danum, peserta pelatihan dan uji coba yang tidak jadi ikut survei, serta Ir. Magdalena Silvia, Pembantu Rektor Bidang Kemahasiswaan Universitas Sendawar (Unsen) yang telah banyak membantu mencari mahasiswa Unsen untuk dapat ikut survei.

This study strives to investigate whether the business performance of PT Pertamina (Persero) Integrated Terminal Teluk Kabung can be improved through an effective service operation strategy and service delivery strategy. This study uses primary and secondary data information. The data analysis pulled in this study is descriptive and causal and was obtained through the census method of 104 respondents who are the owners of 136 gas stations spread across West Sumatra. The causality data was then processed using PLS-SEM software. The study results show that some gas station operators in the area complained about PT Pertamina's services to consumers, which were considered slow and inflexible. Internal processes and customer perspectives that prioritize responsiveness capabilities to market needs will potentially improve business performance sustainably.

No abstract