Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction is a fundamental step for producing bio-oil from lignocellulosic biomass. One of the major components from biomass is lignin which can be hydrolysed into phenolic derivatives. Here, we reported the preparation of Ni-based metal catalysts with the variation of a metal oxide for HDO of phenol. The Ni loading for each metal oxides is 15% (w/w), supported on SiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3. The XRD analysis showed that Ni metal was detected in the SiO2 support at 2θ = 44.26°, 51.72°, 76.5°; Ni in ZrO2 at 2θ = 44.55°, 51.9°, 76.4°; and Ni in Al2O3 at 2θ = 44.12°, 51.72°, and 76.78°. The catalytic test for HDO reaction was carried out in the autoclave oil batch reactor, heated for 2 hours at 200°C with H2 gas atmosphere. Based on GC-MS analysis, the reaction at 200°C usingNi-SiO2 gave the highest product conversion, that is 52.2% with the selective formation of 2-methyl-1-butanol (52.2%). On the other hand, the reaction using Ni/ZrO2 only produce 17.64% of the products with selective formation of cyclohexanone (35.35%). The result showed that products distribution is significantly affected by the type of the support.

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One point of the halal concepts is the food does not contain any lard or any pigs derivatives. UV-vis spectrophotometry using natural dyes, among other methods, can be developed for animal fat analysis. One factor that influence the analysis is the solubility of animal fats and natural dyes in organic solvents. This research was conducted to study the differences of UV-vis spectrum profile in animal fats (chicken, beef, lamb, pork) using various natural dyes (namely Curcuma longa Linn., Curcuma zanthorriza, Curcuma heyneana, Zingiber montanum, Uncaria, Caesalpinia sappan, and Areca catechu) in different type of solvents. The research consists of four main steps: 1) screening of plant dyes in several solvents with different polarity, 2) screening of animal fat in several solvents with different polarity, 3) screening of animal fats mixed with plant dyes in selected solvents, and 4) analysis of animal fats mixed with plant dyes in selected solvents by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that plant dyes from C. longa Linn., C. zanthorrhiza, A. catechu, and Uncaria, well as all animal fats used in this work, were soluble in ethyl-acetate and isopropanol. UV-vis spectrum profile of the animal fats with turmeric dyes in ethyl-acetate for chicken, beef, pork, and lamb fats, shows peaks at λ of 484, 792, 488.5, and 741 nm with absorbance of 3.913, 0.816, 3.524, and 0.175 respectively. Meanwhile in isopropanol, the profile for chicken, beef, pork, and lamb fats have λ of 751, 787, 712, 499 nm with absorbance of 0.007, 1.012, 0.479, and 3.913, respectively. Therefore, the UV-vis spectrum profile of animal fat with C. longa Linn dyes in ethyl-acetate can distinguish lard from the beef and lamb fats. In isopropanol, the lard cannot be distinguished from the chicken and beef fats, but it can differentiate lard from the lamb fats. The C. zanthorrhiza dyes in ethyl-acetate cannot distinguish lard from the chicken, beef, and lamb fats, but C. zanthorrhiza dyes can distinguish lard from the beef fat using isopropanol as the solvent. For A. catechu and Uncaria dyes in ethyl-acetate and isopropanol, they all cannot distinguish lard from the chicken, beef and lamb fats.