Context:The assessment of micronuclei (MN) in exfoliated oral epithelial cells is a promising tool for the study of epithelial carcinogens and can be used to detect chromosome breakage or mitotic interference, thought to be relevant to carcinogenesis.Aims:To detect MN in exfoliated oral mucosal cells in individuals using various tobacco forms and also to detect frequency of MN in premalignant lesions and conditions (potentially malignant diseases [PMD's]) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To correlate frequency of MN in oral exfoliated cells in clinically diagnosed cases of OSCC followed by a histopathological grading.Materials and Methods:A total of 90 subjects (30 smokeless tobacco users, 30 smokers and 30 nontobacco users) consisted of clinically diagnosed cases of PMD's and OSCC were selected for the study. Cytosmears from the groups were stained with rapid Papanicolaou stain. MN was identified according to the Tolbert et al. criteria.Results:MN cells were found to be significantly higher in smokeless tobacco users than in smokers. The frequency of MN was three to four times higher in patients with OSCC as compared to patients in PMD's (P < 0.0001). The frequency of MN correlated with the histopathological grade was statistically significant.Conclusion:MN index can be used as a biomarker/screening test among the high-risk groups particularly the smokeless tobacco users and PMD's. MN can be a candidate to serve as a biomarker for prediction of the grade of OSCC.

Introduction: Recently, there has been an increase in adults undergoing orthodontic treatment in both the public and the private sector. Satisfaction during and after the orthodontic treatment process has not been widely discussed so far, however, and few research studies have emphasized patient satisfaction with treatment outcome and the factors affecting patient satisfaction. Aim: To investigate factors affecting patient satisfaction with the process of orthodontic treatment in young adults. Material and methods: Fifty-eight patients (33 girls and 25 boys with a mean age of 25.05 years, SD 2.83) were included in the survey. All patients were young adults who had completed their orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and were taken from two centers (a teaching hospital and a private practice). Data was collected using online survey forms and was analyzed using content thematic analysis. Five main factors were identified related to patient satisfaction with the process of orthodontic treatment: communication, faculty (orthodontist), physical surroundings, consultation/appointments, and impact of appliance treatment. Results: Effective communication was the most prominent factor among all five factors considered, especially detailed explanation given during treatment and making patients feel comfortable under their care. Median values were generally high for satisfaction with treatment results. There was a clear correlation ( p < 0.001) between patient satisfaction and treatment outcome. Age, sex and treatment time did not have any correlation with treatment satisfaction. Conclusion: In general, young adults were observed to be satisfied with the treatment process, and good communication played a dominant role in this. Though there were many differences in working models between public and private sectors, many similarities were observed when comparing the factors between the two centers.

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Orthodontic alignment of ectopically placed incisors or canines can be challenging and time consuming. A variety of techniques are used to align such palatally or lingually placed teeth including indirect ties with ligature wires, E-chains, piggy-back methods. This article presents two case reports to describe an effective technique using 'slingshot' method. It is a relatively simple and rapid method which is operator friendly and easily tolerated by the patients.

This case report emphasizes on the management of a male patient having a Long Face Syndrome and a unique malocclusion with a Class III dental malocclusion over a Class II Skeletal Base. This patient showed the presence of an increased lower anterior facial height with the chin deviated slightly towards the left. The patient also complained of difficulty in breathing and presented with a history of Deviated Nasal septum and Nasal Polyps. This case was corrected non surgically merely by employing simple mechanics with the help of Fixed Orthodontic Mechanotherapy by extracting both the mandibular 1 premolars followed by retraction and closure of spaces. After Orthodontic treatment was completed, a Septoplasty was performed to correct the deviated nasal septum and the nasal polyp was excised thus addressing the difficulty in breathing experienced by the patient. Both Septoplasty and Polyp removal were performed using Non Invasive FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery). This was followed by Rhinoplasty for correction of nasal contour of the patient. Lastly, 2 types of Genioplasties were performed to correct the backwardly positioned chin, to reduce the vertical height of the chin and also to correct the deviated chin position. Following fixed orthodontic treatment and minor surgical procedures, marked improvement in patient's smile, facial profile and lip competence were achieved and there was a remarkable increase in the patient's confidence and quality of life The profile changes and treatment results were demonstrated with proper case selection and good patient cooperation with fixed appliance therapy. The Long Face of the patient was corrected merely by minor elective surgical procedures, thus eliminating the need for a major surgery. Total treatment duration was 18 months.