Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and proapoptotic Bax genes are the most significant genes that are involved in the regulation of apoptosis. Abnormal apoptotic activity in preeclampsia and gestational diabetes is caused by dysregulation of these genes. In this study; we examined Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions using immunohistochemical techniques in human placental tissue samples from cases of gestational diabetes (n: 20) and preeclampsia (n: 20). It was observed that Bax expression showed positive reaction compared to Bcl-2 expression so; Bax protein was thought to be an effective marker in determining apoptotic changes in placentas with gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.

Aim: Many antioxidant compounds have been tried to prevent traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of Resveratrol in the hippocampus in TBI by histopathologic and immunologic evaluation. Study Design: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into Control, TBI, TBI+Resveratrol (20 mg/kg/day, oral) groups. Rats were subjected to traumatic brain injury by dropping the weight from a height with a 50 g/1m weight-height impact device. All rats were decapitated 14 days after trauma induction and the protective effects of Resveratrol were evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Result: In the TBI group, degeneration of cells, dilatation of vessels and apoptosis due to traumatic inflammation were observed in the alveus and pyramidal layer. In the plexiform layer, synaptic degeneration was present in nerve extensions. In TBI+Resveratrol group, vascular dilatation was decreased and axonal extensions were normal, hyperplasia was observed in pyramidal neurons. S100 expression was positive in pyramidal neurons, glial cells and vascular endothelium. In the Resveratrol treated group, negative expression was observed in membranes, pyramidal neurons and positive s100 expression was observed in plexiform layer and axons. Conclusion: We suggest that after TBI, Resveratrol treatment alleviates cerebral tissue pathology and can be demonstrated by s100 expression in neuronal regeneration. Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, hippocampus, s100, Resveratrol, immunohistochemistry

Aim: In this study, we aimed to examine the expression levels of Adrenomedullin (ADM) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), two novel proteins found to be involved in vascular regulation in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), to compare the expression levels of these proteins in the histopathology of the disease and to observe the correlation of the expression intensity of these proteins with the disease. Methods: In our study, 20 healthy and 20 GDM placenta samples were obtained. Histologic follow-up was performed. 5µm thick sections were taken from these tissues and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Immunohistochemically, ADM and sFlt-1 antibodies were studied. Results: In the GDM group, vascular dilatation and congestion in stem villus, hyperplasic endothelial cells, and increased syncytial bridges in the external part of the villi, mononuclear cell infiltration, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasm loss in some of the decidual cells in the maternal region were observed. In the immunohistochemical examination, cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells of villous and syncytial nodes showed negative ADM expression. ADM was positively expressed in some cytotrophoblast cells of small villi, vascular endothelial cells and decidual cells. In the GDM group, sFlt-1 expression was positive in endothelial cells, some Hofbauer cells of mesenchymal connective tissue, decidual cell nuclei and membranes. Conclusion: ADM may be an important receptor in insulin metabolism to determine the glucose level because we found positive ADM expression in cytotrophoblasts and membranes of decidual cells. In addition, changes in endothelial cells of maternal and fetal regions and sFlt-1 expression in Hofbauer cells suggest that this molecule possibly plays a key role in the angiogenic effect.