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Infants of adolescent and nonadolescent mothers show similar patterns of attachment. Adolescent and nonadolescent mothers show substantial differences in parenting characteristics and in how they rate their infants' temperaments. However, these differences do not seem to impair the infant-mother attachment relationship.

A computerized data base of characteristics and findings of the literature on prenatal exposure and child outcome was developed. The data base can be used to summarize and describe the literature resulting in a more objective understanding of the findings as well as to determine methodological problems that can shape the direction of future studies. Based on a literature search 99 studies were identified, 76 of which met methodological criteria and were included in the final data base. The data base shows that our knowledge base is limited, scattered, and compromised by methodological problems that mitigate any conclusions about whether or not or how prenatal cocaine exposure affects child outcome. Only a few studies have followed children beyond age 3. In addition, the cocaine problem is more complicated than first envisioned. It is a multifactorial problem including the use of other drugs and parenting and environmental lifestyle issues.

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