Background:  Pneumonia is the leading cause of under five children’s mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, pneumonia still the second largest cause of mortality in infants (12.3%) and under five children (13.2%) after diarrhea. However, the incidence of pneumonia didn’t receive some attention so it’s often referred as “the forgotten killer of children”. Therefore, the aim of our study is to control pneumonia in children under five by investigating the risk factors of pneumonia.Methods:  A case control study was conducted from January 2019 to May 2019 by using the consecutive sampling methods. The subjects were children aged 12-59 months old with pneumonia at Wangaya Hospital for the case and children aged 12-59 months old without pneumonia at Wangaya Hospital for the control. Subject’s characteristics such as gender, age, weight birth, immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding status, history of asthma, smoke exposure, and nutritional status. Matching was performed on exclusive breastfeeding variable. Will be done the bivariate analysis with McNemar and multivariate analysis with logistic regression.Result:  Among 96 subjects divided into 48 subjects in each group. Bivariate analysis showed that immunization status (p-value 0.009, OR 5.209) and smoke exposure (p-value 0.008, OR 2.238) were the significant risk factors of pneumonia. While gender, nutritional status, and history of asthma weren’t significant risk factors of pneumonia in children under five at Wangaya Hospital.Conclusion:  Incomplete immunization status and exposed to cigarette smoke are the risk factors of pneumonia in children aged 12-59 months old at Wangaya Hospital. Latar Belakang:  Pneumonia merupakan pembunuh nomor satu balita di dunia. Di Indonesia, Pneumonia menduduki peringkat kedua penyebab kematian bayi (12,3%) dan balita (13,2%) setelah diare. Sayangnya, kejadian pneumonia tidak begitu banyak mendapat perhatian khusus. Tujuan penulisan laporan kasus ini adalah mempelajari faktor-faktor resiko yang menyebabkan pneumonia.Metode:  Dengan menggunakan studi kasus-kontrol yang dilakukan pada bulan Januari 2019-Mei 2019 menggunakan metode sampel konsekutif. Subjek penelitian adalah anak berusia 12-59 bulan dengan pneumonia di RSUD Wangaya untuk kasus, dan anak berusia 12-59 bulan tidak dengan pneumonia di RSUD Wangaya untuk kontrol. Karakteristik subjek berupa jenis kelamin, usia, berat badan lahir, status ASI eksklusif, status imunisasi, riwayat asma, paparan asap, dan status gizi. Dilakukan matching pada variabel ASI eksklusif. Dan akan dilakukan analisis bivariat dengan uji McNemar dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak total 96 subjek, dengan 48 subjek untuk masing-masing kelompok penelitian. Didapatkan hasil yang signifikan pada faktor resiko status imunisasi (nilai p 0.009 dan OR 5.209) dan faktor resiko paparan asap (nilai p 0.008 dan OR 2.238). Sedangkan jenis kelamin, status gizi, dan riwayat asma tidak didapatkan hasil yang signifikan sebagai fakto resiko pneumonia di RSUD Wangaya.Simpulan: Status imunisasi yang tidak lengkap dan terpapar asap rokok merupakan faktor resiko terjadinya pneumonia pada anak usia 12-59 bulan di RSUD Wangaya.

Background: Diarrhea is still the second-largest cause of children under-five's mortality worldwide. Six million children die every year due to diarrhea and it mostly occurs in developing countries. The main cause of diarrhea deaths is due to malnutrition. In malnutrition there is an increase in the severity of diarrheal diseases, this makes malnutrition and diarrhea a vicious circle.Objective: To investigate the relation between nutritional status and length of stay under-five children with diarrheaMethod: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2018 to January 2019 using the consecutive sampling methods. The subjects were children aged 1-5 years old hospitalized for diarrhea at Wangaya Hospital Denpasar that fulfills the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The characteristics of the subject such as gender, children's age, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding status, immunization status, degree of dehydration, mother’s employment, and economic factor.Result: A total of 42 patients were the subjects of the study. Of 10 subjects with wasted nutritional status, 7 (70%) subjects had long stays (> 4 days), and 3 (30%) others with a short length of stay (≤4 days). Most subjects aged 12-24 months were 52.4%. Most of the subjects were male (57.1%). The results of the analysis showed that nutritional status significantly affected the length of stay of diarrhea in children under five (p-value 0.001; PR 5.6; 95% CI 2.05-9.26).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between nutritional status with the length of stay in children under five.