To determine the efficacy and safety of tadalafil when taken on demand by men with erectile dysfunction (ED) secondary to traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Design and Setting: Multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, flexible dose-titration, parallelgroup study in clinical practices in Europe. Patients: Enrolled patients had ED secondary to SCI (all spinal levels) and sustained 6 months or longer before visit 1. Interventions: After a 4-week run-in period, patients were randomly assigned to tadalafil, 10 mg, (n =142) or placebo (n=44) for a 12-week, on-demand treatment period with assessments at 4-week intervals. The dose of tadalafil was maintained or titrated (10 or 20 mg) at 4 and 8 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: Efficacy was measured using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP), and Global Assessment Question (GAQ). Treatment-emergent adverse events and vital signs were collected at each visit. Results: Mean age was 38 years. Mean baseline IIEF erectile function domain score was 13.4, and following 12 weeks of treatment, 22.6 for tadalafil and 13.6 for placebo (PϽ.001). After treatment, the tadalafil group compared with the placebo group was significantly greater (P Ͻ.001) in mean per-patient percentage of successful penetration attempts (SEP question 2; 75.4% vs 41.1%) and intercourse attempts (SEP question 3; 47.6% vs 16.8%); percentage of improved erections (GAQ question 1; 84.6% vs 19.5%); and ejaculatory frequency (IIEF question 9; P = .03). The 2 most common treatmentemergent adverse events in the tadalafil group compared with placebo were headache (8.5% vs 4.5%) and urinary tract infection (7.7% vs 6.8%). Conclusions: Tadalafil (10 mg and 20 mg) improved erectile function and was well tolerated by men with ED secondary to traumatic SCI.

Sex-related differences in the comorbidity of aADHD are more pronounced than subtype-related differences.

Sex- and subtype-related differences in Axis II disorder comorbidity as well as impairment-modifying personality traits have to be taken into account in epidemiological studies of persistent ADHD.

Our preliminary results demonstrate MPH treatment differences in ADHD patients and healthy controls in a peripheral primary cell model. Our results need to be replicated in larger samples and also using patient-derived neuronal cell models to validate the contribution of those genes to the pathophysiology of ADHD and mode of action of MPH.

There are several lines of evidence that the 4p16 region is a candidate locus of both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder. None of the harbored candidate genes of this region were hitherto shown to be associated with ADHD despite promising functionality. One of the most promising candidate genes in this region is protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma (PPP2R2C), which, however, thus far has not been assessed for a potential association with ADHD. A total of 513 in- and outpatients affected with adult ADHD and 536 controls as well as 170 nuclear families with 249 children affected with ADHD were genotyped for 35 SNPs, which tagged the promoter region, the 5' and 3' UTRs, and the exons of the PPP2R2C. Two independent samples provided evidence that the major G allele of rs16838844 increases risk toward ADHD. Allelic variations of PPP2R2C rs16838698 on the other hand might be associated with a variety of personality traits. There is evidence that allelic variation in PPP2R2C may be associated with a variety of personality traits and ADHD per se. Nevertheless, as all those conditions are comorbid, PPP2R2C might reflect a common underlying neurobiological risk factor.