Over the past few decades, strains of the Burkholderia cepacia complex have emerged as important pathogens for patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. Identification of virulence factors and assessment of the pathogenic potential of Burkholderia strains have increased the need for appropriate infection models. In previous studies, different infection hosts, including mammals, nematodes, insects, and plants, have been used. At present, however, the extent to which the virulence factors required to infect different hosts overlap is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the roles of various virulence factors of two closely related Burkholderia cenocepacia strains, H111 and the epidemic strain K56-2, in a multihost pathogenesis system using four different model organisms, namely, Caenorhabditis elegans, Galleria mellonella, the alfalfa plant, and mice or rats. We demonstrate that most of the identified virulence factors are specific for one of the infection models, and only three factors were found to be essential for full pathogenicity in several hosts: mutants defective in (i) quorum sensing, (ii) siderophore production, and (iii) lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were attenuated in at least three of the infection models and thus may represent promising targets for the development of novel anti-infectives.The Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) comprises a group of the following 17 formally named bacterial species: Burkholderia cepacia,
SummaryThe Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) consists of 17 closely related species of opportunistic bacterial pathogens, which are particularly problematic for cystic fibrosis patients and immunocompromised individuals. Bcc genomes consist of multiple replicons, and each strain sequenced to date has three chromosomes. In addition to genes thought to be essential for survival, each chromosome carries at least one rRNA operon. We isolated three mutants during a transposon mutagenesis screen that were non-pathogenic in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. It was demonstrated that these mutants had lost chromosome 3 (c3), and that the observed attenuation of virulence was a consequence of this. We constructed a c3 mini-replicon and used it to cure c3 from strains of several Bcc species by plasmid incompatibility, resulting in nine c3-null strains covering seven Bcc species. Phenotypic characterization of c3-null mutants revealed that they were attenuated in virulence in multiple infection hosts (rat, zebrafish, C. elegans, Galleria mellonella and Drosophila melanogaster), that they exhibited greatly diminished antifungal activity, and that c3 was required for D-xylose, fatty acid and pyrimidine utilization, as well as for exopolysaccharide production and proteolytic activity in some strains. In conclusion, we show that c3 is not an essential chromosomal element, rather a large plasmid that encodes virulence, secondary metabolism and other accessory functions in Bcc bacteria.
Die Prävalenz von Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 und damit auch von diabetischen Folgeerkrankungen nimmt weltweit zu. Ausgehend von einer Hyperglykämie, häufig verstärkt durch Begleiterkrankungen wie Hypertonie und Adipositas, laufen verschiedene pathogene Prozesse ab. Durch Schädigung der Blutgefässe und der Zellversorgung führen diese zu diabetischen Folgeerkrankungen wie Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit, diabetischer Retino-, Nephro-und Neuropathie sowie zum diabetischen Fusssyndrom. Im Zentrum der Pathogenese stehen oxidativer Stress, die Bildung von «Advanced Glycation End Products» (AGE) und eine systemische, chronische Low-Level-Entzündung. Wegen der antioxidativen und antientzündlichen Effekte von sekundären Pflanzenstoffen scheint die Phytotherapie im Rahmen eines ganzheitlichen Diabetes-Behandlungskonzepts vielversprechende Ansätze zu bieten. Abgesehen von einem antihyperglykämischen Effekt, wie er z.B. von Zimtkassia oder Ginseng berichtet wurde, scheint ein besonders grosses Potenzial in der Prävention und Behandlung von diabetischen Folgeerkrankungen zu liegen. Phytotherapeutika wie etwa Traubenkernpolyphenole, Ginkgo biloba oder Padma® 28 zeigten eine Hemmung verschiedener pathogener Prozesse. Am Beispiel der komplex zusammengesetzten Rezeptur Padma 28 werden Mechanismen aufgezeigt, wie sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe im Sinne eines Multi-Target-Ansatzes verschiedene pathogenetische Prozesse günstig beeinflussen können. Diese Hypothese wird gestützt durch Fallberichte mit Padma 28 bei Diabetesbedingten Parästhesien sowie durch klinische Studien mit dem Präparat, die eine Wirksamkeit bei Krankheitsbildern zeigen, welche auch als Folge von Diabetes auftreten. Antioxidative und antientzündliche Phytotherapeutika wie Padma 28 bieten deshalb wertvolle Behandlungsansätze in einem ganzheitlichen Diabetes-Management sowie in der Prävention und Behandlung von diabetischen Folgeerkrankungen.
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