Background: Adequate sports activity improves health and physical development by increasing muscle strength, alertness, sensory development, muscle coordination, speed, strength, and stamina. Many researches show that sports activity reduces reaction time, which is a reliable indicator of rate of processing of sensory stimuli by central nervous system. So the present study is undertaken to evaluate effect of playing badminton on reaction time. Aims & Objective: To compare visual reaction times of badminton players with those of age-matched controls. Materials and Methods:We estimated the visual reaction times of 50 male badminton players of 18-22 years age group who were practicing badminton for 2-3 h/day for a minimum of 2 years. The visual reactions were compared with those of 50 age-matched healthy male students of Dr SCGMC Nanded (Maharashtra, India) who formed the control group. Results: Visual reaction time of dominant as well as non-dominant limb of badminton players was significantly less than that of the control group who were not practicing any sports activity.
The purpose of this study was to determine student perceptions of the methods used to teach pharmacology via problem-based learning (PBL
Background: Current understanding of skeletal muscle contraction is based on the sliding filament theory proposed independently by A.F. Huxley and H.E. Huxley (1954). The sliding filament theory very well explained shortening of skeletal muscle during contraction with reference to a single sarcomere with movement of Z discs toward center of that particular sarcomere. However, when we consider shortening of multiple sarcomeres in a myofibril arranged in series, the sliding filament theory fails to justify the movement of Z discs as each Z disc is being pulled in opposite direction by myosin heads of adjacent sarcomeres. Aims & Objectives: To find out alternate possible mechanism of Z disc movement on either side of A band if movement toward center by both sides is not possible. Materials and Methods:We have prepared a simulating model of sliding filament theory and observed mechanism of contraction on it. Results: The sliding filament theory fails to explain the movement of Z discs when all sarcomeres in a myofibril are contracting simultaneously. Therefore, we proposed a new hypothesis that Z discs and actin filaments in the half part of each sarcomere, which is toward origin end of muscle fiber, are not pulled toward center of myosin filament instead myosin filament slide toward origin end, and in the other half of each sarcomere (which is toward insertion end) actin filaments slide over myosin filament toward origin end of the muscle. Conclusion: This study adds a new insight into the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and needs further confirmation on electron microscopic studies.
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