Plant‐derived exosome‐like nanoparticles (PDENs) are small vesicles released by multivesicular bodies mainly to communicate between cells and regulate immunity against pathogen attack. Current studies have reported that PDENs could modulate gene expression in a cross‐kingdom fashion. Therefore, PDENs could be a potential future functional food ingredient as their cross‐kingdom communication abilities were reported to exert multiple health benefits. Macrophage and other cells have been reported to absorb PDENs in a manner regulated by the membrane lipid and protein profile and the intactness of the PDENs lipid bilayer. PDENs could be extracted from plant materials by various techniques such as ultracentrifugation, immunoaffinity, size‐based isolation, and precipitation, though each method has its pros and cons. PDENs mainly contain lipid, protein, and genetic materials, mainly micro RNAs, which could exert multiple health benefits and functionalities when consumed in sufficient amounts. However, most studies on the health functionalities of PDENs were conducted through in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies, and its potency to be used as a functional ingredient remains a question as PDENs are sensitive to storage and processing condition and requires costly extraction method. This concise review features various exosome extraction methods, contents of PDENs and their roles, the health functionalities of PDENs, and its potency as a functional food ingredient.

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Functional drinks based on red betel leaf extract have antioxidant activity, but they still have a bitter taste. This study aims to determine the effect of microencapsulation on phenol content, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality of functional drinks based on betel leaf extract. Microencapsulation of functional drinks was made using maltodextrin coatings with concentrations of 10% and 20%. Antioxidant activity was tested by the CUPRAC method. The ready to drink (RTD) functional drink has a total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 782.30 ± 2.54 mg GAE/g and 1660.19 ± 31.67 µmol Tr/g, respectively. These values are higher than microencapsulated functional drinks with maltodextrin (MM). The microencapsulated functional drink with 10% maltodextrin coating (MM10) is the chosen formulation since it has the smallest particle size (1.283 µm), total phenolic content of 12.90 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity of 189.41 ± 1.88 µmol Tr/g. Microencapsulated functional drinks provide sensory quality that is not significantly different (p <0.05) from ready to drink (RTD) drinks.

Pengembangan minuman fungsional dari ekstrak sirih merah yang ditambahkan dengan beberapa ekstrak rempah telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Akan tetapi, hasil uji sensori masih tergolong rendah karena masih terdapat rasa pahit pada minuman fungsional tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan minuman fungsional berbasis ekstrak daun sirih merah dengan teknologi nanoenkapsulasi dan mengevaluasi total fenolik, aktivitas antioksidan in vitro serta mutu sensori. Pembuatan minuman fungsional nanoenkapsulasi menggunakan carrier agent berupa gum arab dan maltodekstrin (1:3; 1:1; 3:1), sedangkan active agent berupa campuran ekstrak daun sirih merah dan rempah-rempah (kayu manis, jahe merah, jeruk nipis). Aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode CUPRAC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minuman ready to drink memiliki nilai total fenol (786,23±1,52 mg GAE/g) dan aktivitas antioksidan (1583,97±85,52 µM troloks/g ekstrak) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan minuman fungsional nanoenkapsulasi. Akan tetapi, minuman fungsional nanoenkapsulasi memberikan mutu sensori yang lebih disukai dibandingkan dengan minuman ready to drink. Nanoenkapsulasi dapat memperbaiki mutu sensori minuman fungsional sirih merah, tetapi menurunkan nilai total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan in vitro.

Objective: The objective of this research was to separate flavonoids of kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) leaves from methanol extract as antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus epidermidis that have a role in body odor. Methods:The methanol extracts of kepel was fractionated in methanol: water (7:3), n-hexane and chloroform consecutively. Methanol: water (7:3) extract with the highest flavonoids content, fractioned by silica gel column chromatography (isocratic elution, with n-buthanol: methanol: acetic acid (1:8:1) as eluent) to produce 7 fractions. All fractions were tested for antibacterial activity with a microdilution method. The most active fractions was determined using UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) and FTIR (Brucker, Germany).Results: Fraction V was the most active fraction with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.06 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.50 mg/ml. Fraction V was further separated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gave three fractions. Fraction V3 was the most active fraction with MIC 1.00 mg/ml and MBC of 2.00 mg/ml. Identification of fraction V3 based on assessments on ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectrum showed the maximum wavelength at 327 nm. These results indicate a transition π → π * and n → π * generated from the chromophore conjugated C = C and C = O. Based on the allegations of the functional group obtained, then alleged that in Fraction V3 containing flavones compounds. Conclusion:These results suggest that flavonoid of S. burahol leaves extracts is potential as antibacterial agents against S. epidermidis and therefore justifies their usage in traditional medicine for the treatment of body odor.