Reduction of seaweed beds is a serious problem in coastal areas of Japan and worldwide, and the lack of dissolved iron in seawater may contribute to the destruction of this ecologically important habitat. We have previously developed a method for restoring seaweed beds using a mixture of steelmaking slag and composts containing humic substances. Since October 2004, we have been performing field tests on the Shaguma coast in Mashike-cho, Hokkaido, Japan, to confirm the effectiveness of this method. However, thus far, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the hydrodynamic conditions by calculating the iron distributions in the area of the field tests. In this study, we evaluated the continuous effects of this iron fertilization method in Mashike by comparing the changes in seaweed bed distributions with the analyzed iron concentrations over a 5-year study period and the simulation results of iron distribution in the study area. Our findings demonstrated that the biomass of seaweeds at the fertilized (experimental) site was larger than that at the reference site. We also found that both the analyzed iron concentration and the calculated iron distribution in the area corresponded to the distribution of seaweed beds.

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This paper presents the muon momentum calibration and performance studies for the ATLAS detector based on the pp collisions data sample produced at $$\sqrt{s}$$ s  = 13 TeV at the LHC during Run 2 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 $${\textrm{fb}}^{-1}$$ fb - 1 . An innovative approach is used to correct for potential charge-dependent momentum biases related to the knowledge of the detector geometry, using the $$Z\rightarrow \mu ^{+}\mu ^{-}$$ Z → μ + μ - resonance. The muon momentum scale and resolution are measured using samples of $$J/\psi \rightarrow \mu ^{+}\mu ^{-}$$ J / ψ → μ + μ - and $$Z\rightarrow \mu ^{+}\mu ^{-}$$ Z → μ + μ - events. A calibration procedure is defined and applied to simulated data to match the performance measured in real data. The calibration is validated using an independent sample of $$\Upsilon \rightarrow \mu ^{+}\mu ^{-}$$ Υ → μ + μ - events. At the Z$$(J/\psi )$$ ( J / ψ ) peak, the momentum scale is measured with an uncertainty at the 0.05% (0.1%) level, and the resolution is measured with an uncertainty at the 1.5% (2%) level. The charge-dependent bias is removed with a dedicated in situ correction for momenta up to 450 GeV with a precision better than 0.03 $${\textrm{TeV}}^{-1}$$ TeV - 1 .

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