AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1). Memaparkan karakteristik tes IPA yang dikembangkan, dan (2) memaparkan program komputer yang telah dikembangkan dalam menentukan skor tes siswa dengan teori tes modern. Tes IPA terdiri dari 600 butir soal dan telah diujicobakan di SMP se-Solo Raya dengan responden 1.800 siswa. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah program R. Program komputer yang telah dikembangkan diujicobakan di SMP Negeri 4 Polokarto. Hasil analisis tes IPA dengan program R menunjukan: (1) tingkat kesulitan butir dalam kisaran -2,001 sampai 1,713, (2) daya beda butir dalam kisaran 0,553 sampai 2,394, dan (3) terkaan butir dalam kisaran 0,000 sampai 0,379. Program komputer yang dikembangkan dapat menentukan skor tes siswa menurut teori tes modern dengan baik. Kata kunci: pengembangan tes IPA DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERIZED NATURAL SCIENCE TEST AbstractThis study is aimed at: (1) describing the caracteristics of Natural Science test developed, and (2) describing a computer program which had been developed to determine the test scores of students with modern test theory. Natural Science test consists of 600 items and had been tested in junior high school throughout Solo Raya with 1,800 respondents. Data analysis technique which was used is R programming. The computer program had been developed and tested in SMP Negeri 4 Polokarto (Polokarto 4 Junior High School). The results of the analysis of Natural Science program test with R programming show that: (1) item difficulty is in the range of -2.001-1.713, (2) discriminatory power of items is in the range of 0.553-2.394, and (3) the supposition of items is in the range of 0.000-0.379. The computer program developed can determine students' test scores according to the modern test theory well.

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: PandemiCovid-19 yang sedang terjadi disebabkan oleh adanya proses mutasi dari virus SARS-CoV menjadi sangat infeksius, pasien dalam masa inkubasi dan asimptomatis dapat menyebarkan virus. Penggunaan masker menjadi kebijakan yang telah diterapkan hampir diseluruh dunia (universal masking), salah satunya masker kain untuk masyarakat umum. Tujuan: Ketidakpastian seputar efektivitas dan dampak masker kain buatan sendiri pada transmisi Covid-19, maka tim penulis akan memberikan tinjauan terkait efektivitas penggunaan berbagai jenis masker. Metode: Proses tinjauan dilakukan dengan mencari berbagai artikel melalui basis data sejak Juli -Agustus 2020. Pencarian diperoleh dari berbagai basis data seperti: PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, dan Google Scholar dengan rentang publikasi artikel antara tahun 2010-2020. Tidak ada upaya dari penulis untuk mencari secara spesifik artikel-artikel tidak terpublikasi. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah "mask and COVID-19 DAN "utility and mask and COVID-19" DAN "effectiveness. Hasil: Masker N95 dan masker bedah memiliki efektifitas di atas 90%. Jenis masker kain yang dianjurkan adalah masker kain 3 lapis (lapisan dalam dari bahan penyerap seperti kapas, lapisan tengah dari bahan bukan tenunan seperti polypropylene, dan lapisan luar dari bahan non-penyerap, seperti campuran poliester atau poliester). Penggunaan masker pada anak-anak harus dibawah pengawasan, berbagai studi melaporkan adanya potensi gangguan pernafasan pada anak bila menggunakan masker.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan program basis data untuk bank soal, membuat tes, dan menganalisis hasil tes secara terintegrasi. Lima paket tes matematika yaitu MAT-SK1, MAT-SK2A, MAT-SK2B, MAT-SK3A, dan MAT-SK3B dikembangkan dan kemudian diujicobakan kepada 1648 siswa dari delapan SMA di kabupaten Sukoharjo. Hasil ujicoba dianalisis dengan Bilog 3. Soal-soal tes tersebut kemudian dimasukkan ke basis data bank soal dan dibuat buku panduan untuk diujicobakan tahun berikutnya. Program komputer basis data bank soal yang dikembangkan memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Pertama, secara efektif dan optimal dapat memisahkan tabel-tabel kecil satu dengan yang lain. Kedua, proses entry data TrKerjaw dapat dilakukan secara acak dan serentak. Program komputer bekerja secara sistematis, cepat, tepat, dan akurat sehingga dapat mengatasi kerumitan dan kesulitan perhitungan, fungsi logistik, dan fungsi likelihood. Kata kunci: pengembangan tes, analisis hasil tes

<em>The aims of this research is to analyze the differences in the farmers’ perception to Farmers’ Card program in Kalijambe District Sragen Regency based on the environment of farmers among the farmers who have long distance access from the District Office and Bank BRI with the farmers who have at close range access from the District Office and Bank BRI and based on the position of farmers in farmers’ group, they are management and members of farmers’ group. The basic method of this research is descriptive quantitative and survey techniques. The method of Location determination was done purposively in Kalijambe District Sragen Regency by taking two farmer groups they are farmers’ group Tani Santoso Banaran village and farmers’ group Ngudi Mulyo Wonorejo village. The population of this research was a farmer who is included/listed in the program Farmers’ Cards in Kalijambe District Sragen Regency, with the number of farmers’ responder 60 peoples. The sample is determined by using multi-stage cluster random sampling. The Analysis of data used is the different test of U Mann Whitney. The results showed that there were significant differences in the perception of the Farmers’ Card program based on the environment of farmers and farmers’ position in farmers’ group. The differences of perceptions based on their environment showed that the farmers’ perception whose close access to the District Office and Bank BRI is better than the perception of farmers whose long distance access from the District Office and Bank BRI. Based on the farmers’ position in farmers’ group, it is showed that the farmers’ perception in farmers’ management is better than the farmers’ perception in farmers’ member.</em>

<em>Perception is always related to the symptoms and experience. The more experience and knowledge a person gains, the more and more perceptions he has. In addition to science and experience, perceptions are also influenced by factors of needs and psychology. Thus, one's perception of education differs from one another. This research aims to explain the perceptions of parents in the process of child counseling at home. It is a qualitative research using data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and verification. The results of this research are poorly educated parents just pay little attention to the student’s learning guidance at home, resulting in many students showing little learning interest and dropping out of school. Students with highly educated parents are more lucky because the learning guidance can be obtained from their parents at home even though their parents’s activities at times become constraints. </em>