Indonesia withdrew its membership in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 2008. However, in 2015 Indonesia reactivated its membership in OPEC followed by the second withdrawal in 2016. This paper aims to analyze the underlying factors of Indonesia’s decision towards OPEC. This study used a process-tracing approach to address the research problem. Indeed, the analysis was based on the geopolitical approach to the political economy of natural resources. This study found that the underlying factor of Indonesia’s decision to reactivate and to withdraw its membership in OPEC was for saving its energy security and also for maintaining the stability of its domestic economy.

This article examines how state and religious non-state actors understand and make efforts to overcome human security challenges in Indonesia. The activities of these actors are largely outside the UNDP global human security agenda because they have been conducted long before the concept of human security was popularised. The authors seek to reinterpret the concept of human security as a paradigm to make it more attuned to the experience of the state and religious non-state actors when dealing with human security challenges in the Indonesian context. Data from primary and secondary sources gathered in Indonesia in 2021 reveals that religious motivations and environmental threats drive the agendas of religious non-state actors operating in Indonesia. Keywords: Human Security, Religious non-state actor, norm diffusion, UNDP, and Indonesia.

Optimizing the role of the community in the Healthy Community Movement (HCM) through the facilitation of health cadres at the Integrated Development Post (IDP) of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to become an effective solution of health promotion program using empowerment and partnerships in the community as a form of active participation in health. The purpose of this community service was to increase community empowerment and partnerships in overcoming NCDs problems through HCM to reduce hypertension in Glagahwero Village, Panti District, Jember Regency. The activities were carried out for 3 months (August - November 2020) in the form of education and health counseling about HCM and hypertension, anti-hypertensive exercise, hypertension diet, empowerment of family cooking in the management of family salt consumption, and IDP of NCDs. The fostered village service activities involved 70 target groups. The results were found that the community was able to do HCM to control blood pressure by doing anti-hypertensive exercises once a week, mothers were able to prepare a low-salt menu in their families, and IDP of NCDs activities were carried out once a month. The further impact was a decrease in mean systolic blood pressure (130.5 ± 22.5 mmHg Vs. 122.3 ± 18.3 mmHg; p = <0.001) and diastolic (81.83 ± 10.4 mmHg Vs. 79.4 ± 9.1 mmHg; p = 0.015), decreased body weight (60.6 ± 12.1 kg Vs. 59.7 ± 12 kg; p <0.001), and decreased abdominal circumference (88.5 ± 14.2 cm Vs 82.7 ± 14.1 cm; p <0.001) after 3 months of community service development. Thus, it can be concluded that the partnership and empowerment of the community in HCM is able to prevent PTM, so it is suggested that IDP of NCDs activities need to be carried out in a sustainable manner in the community.

This study aims to analyse the impacts of decentralization policy in the mining sector on human security of local communities in Indonesia. This is a documentary study that employs a comparative approach. The cases examined in the study are selected within the time periods of 2010 to 2014 to reflect how the increased provincial autonomy of local government in Indonesia since 1999 has been reflected on the mining industry and its stakeholders. All local governments in Indonesia have higher authority to manage their natural resources based on regional autonomy laws. After more than ten years of the implementation of decentralization policy, however, this study finds that it has had complex impacts on economic security in different local communities, as well as threatening the environment and social security. This article identifies that the role of local government performance and democracy that is supported by revenue sharing fund affects the realisation of the human security of local communities. The significance of this research is in theoretical and empirical contributions to expand the current understanding of the relationship between decentralization policy and human security in developing countries with particular regard to the mining industry.