A bstract Professional skepticism is an attitude that includes a questioning mind and

Purpose This study aims to test the causality of fraud diamond factors (pressure, rationalization, opportunity and capability) and Machiavellian personality on fraud intention. Design/methodology/approach This study used a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 web-based laboratory experiment. Our subjects are accounting students from various Indonesian universities as surrogates of an accountant of a firm. We analyzed the data using the independent t-test. Findings This study provides empirical evidence that the four aspects of fraud diamond, namely pressure, opportunity, rationalization and capability cause fraud intention. Besides, high Machiavellian attitude also causes high fraud intention. Research limitations/implications This study is a Web-based one that is subject to the instability of internet access. Specifically, some subjects had to redo the completion of their experimental modules because of the unstable internet connection. Practical implications The results of this study suggest organizations to pay attention to their members’ behavioral aspects that can be the symptoms of fraud and to design whistleblowing systems to prevent fraud intention as an opportunity factor within organizations. Social implications Social implications are to develop the appropriate whistleblowing system to mitigate the fraud. Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in combining the experimental test of fraud diamond (internal and external factors) and Machiavellianism as a personality factor as the determinants of fraud intention. Further, another novelty lies in the use of the antifraud system as a proxy of opportunity that has not yet extensively investigated by previous studies.

Kondisi kesulitan keuangan atau financial distress yaitu suatu kondisi yang terjadi sebelum perusahaan mengalami kebangkrutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh empat karakteristik komite audit yaitu ukuran komite audit, independensi komite audit, frekuensi pertemuan komite audit dan jumlah ahli keuangan komite audit terhadap kondisi kesulitan keuangan atau financial distress perusahaan. Metode penelitian ini yaitu kuantitatif dengan teknik pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Terpilih 45 perusahaan property dan real estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2017 sebagai sampel penelitian. Uji hipotesis menggunakan regresi linier berganda dan analisis data menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karaktersistik ukuran komite audit mempunyai pengaruh negatif terhadap financial distress perusahaan sedangkan independensi komite audit, frekuensi pertemuan komite audit dan jumlah ahli keuangan komite audit berpengaruh positif terhadap financial distress yang dialami perusahaan.

Auditors need to be professionally skeptical when they are conducting an audit. Skeptical behavior is especially needed when there are indications of fraud in the audited entity. Without skepticism, fraud is likely to be overlooked, because fraud is usually concealed by the perpetrators. This experimental study aimed to investigate the influence of skeptical attitude, tone at the top, and knowledge of fraud on auditors' professional skeptical behavior. The study participants were junior auditors, senior auditors, and auditor supervisors. The analysis led to three key findings in this study. First, skeptical attitude, tone at the top, and the auditor's knowledge of fraud influenced the skeptical behavior of professional auditors. Second, a high tone at the top of the partner's style played an important role in maintaining and improving auditors' professional skeptical behavior, particularly for auditors who had a weak skeptical attitude. This result supported the theory of the attitudes-behavior relationship described by Fazio (1990) in the MODE model. Third, auditors' knowledge about fraud improved their professional skeptical behavior. However, knowledge of fraud did not influence auditors' professional behavior if those auditors had weak skeptical attitudes and were supervised by a supervisor with a low tone at the top style. The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners explained that "tone at the top" refers to the ethical atmosphere or organizational culture created by the head of the organization in the workplace, which ultimately affects subordinates' task performance. Lately, public attention has focused on the role of tone at the top in the occurrence of fraud in a certified public accountant firm. An example of the role of tone at the top is the fraudulent behavior of David Duncan, the chief partner of Arthur Andersen, one of the world's big four accounting firms. Duncan ordered his staff to destroy hundreds of audit working papers and e-mails related to Enron, his client. The destruction of these documents by Duncan confirmed, for the public and Congress, that Andersen knew of Enron's bad business practices, but Duncan did not want to disclose this in the audit report as he feared losing Enron as a client.Contrary examples show that the tone at the top can also play a positive role by creating an ethical behavior in an organization (AICPA, 2002). Carpenter and Reimers (2007, 2009a, 2009 reported that auditors who work under high "tone at the top" environment behaved more skeptically by recognizing a higher risk of fraud than auditors who work under low tone style superiors. Thus partners in charge of supervising an audit engagement need to emphasize the importance of maintaining a professional skeptical attitude to their staff generally, and to auditors in particular. However, their study did not examine the interaction effect of tone at the top supervision style and skeptical attitude on professional skeptical behavior. This study

Organizational commitment encourages individuals to act positively, such as by complying with applicable rules, having responsibilities, and maintaining good relations with their professional colleagues. However, auditors often get pressure from their superiors to take actions that violate the code of ethics. This study aims to determine whether the auditors' whistleblowing intention is influenced by organizational commitment and obedience pressure. This study used an 2x2 experimental design of 2x2 between subjects using the data obtained from a total of 66 auditors. The results show that the auditors had a whistleblowing intention if organizational commitment is high and obedience pressure low.  Keywords: Obendience Pressure; Organizational Commitment; Whistleblowing.