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No abstract

As a result of studying the nature of socio environmental responsibility of business (SER) and associated concepts, the transformation of its content with the experience gained and also with the evolution of society and its expectations during the investigation of different SER levels being formed successively and urgent at the given moment, it is stated that business responsibility falls outside the scope of duties set by society and formalized minimum requirements, it voluntarily (to some extent) accepts rather high obligations in order to cut negative impacts of the decisions and actions on nature and as a result on society. These motives are not in conflict with the main business function – profit maximization because it is defined by necessary strategic vision of risks resulted from business activity and from the transformation of social goals and values as well as of the development of the environment for sustainable functioning and stable profit in future (“reasonable selfishness” concept). The classification and grouping of Russian business entities based on the motive of social responsibility are suggested. Institutional, economic and organizational factors as well as conditions for SER of business growth are defined and the instruments of state and public effect on business SER development processes are defined.

Tourist clusters are widely used in domestic practice as tools for the development of tourist infrastructure and improving the competitiveness of tourist products. The strategic effectiveness of clusters is determined by the extent to which the goals of their formation and functioning take into account the trends in the development of national and global tourism, as well as the interests of global, national and local stakeholders. Environmental challenges, transforming the system of socio-ecological and economic interests of stakeholders, require a corresponding adjustment of goals and goal-setting procedures at all stages of the cluster life cycle. The article substantiates the need for greening the goals system of cluster initiatives as a key condition and the first step in the system of measures for the “green” reorientation of existing and emerging clusters; offers a definition of a “green” tourism cluster as an organizational mechanism for greening the tourism industry, as well as a set of joint goals of its participants, which allows us to reach a compromise between the mission of greening tourism activities and the commercial success of the cluster. Data from the Russian and European Cluster Observatories, the European Cluster Collaboration Platform, and the TCI Network, a global network on clusters, innovation, and competitiveness for the period from 2003 to the present, are the information base for the study of the goals of cluster initiatives.

Difficulties states faced in the implementing the sustainable development concept, the new challenges caused by financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 which are considered by most experts as the systemic one, require serious modernization of the sustainable socio-economic development strategies on all management levels. Search for the ways of the strategies adjustment and new mechanisms of their implementation has resulted in the fundamental change of the economic model, the transition from “brown” to “green” economy based on the principles of economic security, the resources efficiency and social justic International organizations such as the United Nations Organization (UN), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the UN Environmental Program (UNEP), the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) consider tourism to be one of the ten key sectors of the global economy which green innovative modernization is able to ensure the transition to the new economic model and “green” economic growth. The analysis of the results of the international and national structures’ activity aimed at the greening of the global economy and tourism lets us make the following conclusions. Firstly, there are still some research, theoretical and methodological problems linked with setting aims, objectives, and conditions for green economy transition, with the development of com- mon system of indicators and indexes for the assessment of the achievements of the countries. Secondly, Russia’s active role in the processes will not only ensure the ecological security of its socio-economic development, but will determine competitiveness of the Russian economy and tourism as its sector in the long run. The active role, in its turn, involves the creation of scientifically proven target system, the green strategies for socio-economic development, the arrangement of conditions, techniques and tools for their implementation. The article analyzes the basic factors and conditions for the transition to the green economy and greening of tourism industry in Russia.