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curcumin is an important bioactive component of turmeric and also one of the important natural products, which has been investigated extensively. The precise mode of action of curcumin and its impact on system level protein networks are still not well studied. To identify the curcumin governed regulatory action on protein interaction network (PIN), an interectome was created based on 788 key proteins, extracted from PubMed literatures, and constructed by using STRING and Cytoscape programs. The PIN rewired by curcumin was a scale-free, extremely linked biological system. MCODE plug-in was used for sub-modulization analysis, wherein we identified 25 modules; ClueGo plug-in was used for the pathway's enrichment analysis, wherein 37 enriched signalling pathways were obtained. Most of them were associated with human diseases groups, particularly carcinogenesis, inflammation, and infectious diseases. Finally, the analysis of topological characteristic like bottleneck, degree, GO term/pathways analysis, bio-kinetics simulation, molecular docking, and dynamics studies were performed for the selection of key regulatory proteins of curcumin-rewired PIN. The current findings deduce a precise molecular mechanism that curcumin might exert in the system. This comprehensive in-silico study will help to understand how curcumin induces its anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects in the human body. Naturally derived compounds possess enormous potential for medicinal and therapeutic actions for the management of diseases and curcumin is one of the most suitable examples among them. Curcumin is a yellowish-orange polyphenolic compound of turmeric/haldi (Curcuma longa), a herb often found in curry powder. The reason for the selection of curcumin for this study is, it is one of the important and thoroughly investigated naturally occurring bioactive compound, but its precise mode of action is still unclear. The global curcumin market was valued at $58.4 million in 2019 and is projected to reach $104.19 million by 2025. (https ://www.allie dmark etres earch .com/press-relea se/curcu min-marke t.html & https ://www.grand viewr esear ch.com/indus try-analy sis/ turme ric-extra ct-curcu min-marke t). Earlier studies clearly exhibit the highly pleiotropic actions of curcumin as anti-cancerous 1,2 , anti-inflammatory 2,3 , anti-microbial 4 , anti-oxidant 5 , cardio-protective 6 , radio-protective 7 and many more that makes it an ideal ingredient in different medical and food applications. Curcumin's market is expected to witness a huge development due to growth in consumer awareness regarding its therapeutic properties, and that's why an intense scientific study are urgently needed to explore the precise mechanistic action of curcumin. Many research studies have been published in the past dealing with the mode of action of curcumin yet inconclusive, and still the puzzle remains unsolved. This pleiotropic potential of curcumin can be endorsed to its capability to interact with a huge interactome of biomolecular targets ...

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Aim:The aim of this study was to formulate chewing gum using chlorhexidine and chitosan and to prove its antibacterial and antiplaque properties effectively at low doses of chlorhexidine. Materials and Methods: Chewing gums were prepared by using chlorhexidine and various proportions of gum base and chitosan. Hot melt technique was used to prepare chewing gums. The prepared gums were evaluated for physical parameters, compatibility studies, drug content, moisture content, stability studies and in vitro drug-release testing. To carry out in vivo study on humans double-blind, crossover clinical trial was conducted on 18 adult volunteers from Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, JSS Dental College, Mysore. The test group administered chewing gums containing chlorhexidine, with and without the polymer, while the control group administered dummy chewing gums. The volunteers were visually examined for presence or absence of gingival erythema, gingival edema and gingival bleeding and the antibacterial activity was assessed by the reduction in bacterial count in the plaque samples. Result: As the proportion of gum base was increased, an increase in hardness of the chewing gum was observed. The formulation, which contains highest concentration of chitosan, showed more in vitro release compared to other formulation. Analysis of variance revealed signifi cant differences between subjects receiving F1 and F5 for antiplaque activity. The post plaque samples results showed signifi cant reduction in microbial count (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The in vivo studies on human volunteers were carried out for optimized formulation F5 containing chitosan and antibacterial agent which showed a better reduction in the bacterial count and gingival index. The dose of chlorhexidine can be reduced signifi cantly when used along with chitosan. Chitosan containing chewing gum has a greater antibacterial effect compared with gums containing only chlorhexidine.

Cancer is the second deadliest disease listed by the WHO. One of the major causes of cancer disease is tobacco and consumption possibly due to its main component, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). A plethora of studies have been conducted in the past aiming to decipher the association of NNK with other diseases. However, it is strongly linked with cancer development. Despite these studies, a clear molecular mechanism and the impact of NNK on various system-level networks is not known. In the present study, system biology tools were employed to understand the key regulatory mechanisms and the perturbations that will happen in the cellular processes due to NNK. To investigate the system level influence of the carcinogen, NNK rewired protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) was generated from 544 reported proteins drawn out from 1317 articles retrieved from PubMed. The noise was removed from PPIN by the method of modulation. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment was performed on the seed proteins extracted from various modules to find the most affected pathways by the genes/proteins. For the modulation, Molecular COmplex DEtection (MCODE) was used to generate 19 modules containing 115 seed proteins. Further, scrutiny of the targeted biomolecules was done by the graph theory and molecular docking. GO enrichment analysis revealed that mostly cell cycle regulatory proteins were affected by NNK.