No abstract

Building unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control system models are highly challenging due to multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO). Not only does it have various angular position outputs such as roll, yaw, and pitch, but also flight control has more than one input; for instance, a bicopter has dual rotors. More rotors have more complex model. The hover condition has a zero resultant force which can be utilized to design a system model. On the other hand, an attractive identification system method is applied to develop the design. This research aims to evaluate the performance of two MIMO design on bicopter between methods based on the hover principle and identification technique. Experimental validation by employing bicopter simulator is an excellent strategy to fulfil this purpose. The results of the investigation of the experiment showed that the identification model was more accurate than the hover design, particularly regarding the overshot phenomenon and error. In addition, the hover principle tended to build ideal model because it did not include the dynamic, uncertainty and nonlinear conditions in aeroplane control design.  Although the identification system was complicated because it previously needed to measure the input and output values, it performed closer to the actual experiment. It performed more satisfactory overshoot values compared with the experimental validation than the hover model by 1°, 3°, and 8° in roll, pitch, and yaw angles, respectively.

In the metrology area, typical stabilized lasers are used as length primary standard. KIM-1, i.e. the iodine stabilized He-Ne laser in National Measurement Standards Laboratory-National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (SNSU-BSN) has been traceable to SI through CCL-K11 inter-laboratory comparison. The result was suitable for KIM-1 to be used as the length primary standard in SNSU-BSN. Beat frequency measurement has been applied in the optical frequency and wavelength calibration system for stabilized He-Ne laser 633 nm using KIM-1 as a reference standard. In the calibration replica, a dual-frequency mode (Agilent 5519B) took a role as DUT laser, which emits a pair of beams with a central wavelength of 632.991 354 nm in the vacuum with frequency difference 3.4 to 4.0 MHz and ±0.02 ppm stability for a typical lifetime. As a measurement result, the beat frequencies of the 1st and 2nd polarized beam of Agilent 5519B against KIM-1 are (121.33±0.06) MHz and (118.59±0.06) MHz.

The temperature validation controlled by temperature indication has a vital role in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test machine or thermal cycler. However, the validation process is complicated for several types of  thermal cycler. Some PCR test machines must close the lid tightly while running. It makes the probe’s cable of the temperature sensor might be pinched or break when the thermal cycler lid is closed. Opening the lid (open-air condition) makes the measurement will not accurate. To solve this problem, wireless temperature measurement and validation methods for PCR machines are developed based on magnetic field measurements. The magnetic field of the object will respond to any changes in temperature. The hall-effect sensor, which is validated by gauss meter, detects any magnetic response a certain material covers even the object. This detection yields output data processed to find the thermal cycler's appropriate temperature wireless validation method. The experiment used a Neodymium magnet as a wireless probe. The position of the Neodymium magnet pole significantly affected the relation between magnetic flux and temperature in experimental results. The reversed pole toward sensors had better linearity (R2= 0.8062) than the unreversed pole (R2= 0.7794). The annealing step commonly achieved the optimum measurement uncertainty. However, the measurement uncertainty and signal sensitivity investigation recommended employing the beneficial combination of pole magnet position to design the temperature validator based on magnetic induction for a closed lid thermal cycler (PCR machine). Overall, the experimental yields can be used to build a wireless temperature validator for a sealed PCR machine based on magnetic induction.

Stopwatch dan timer banyak digunakan dalam berbagai aspek kegiatan manusia, mulai dari kegiatan olahraga, fasilitas kesehatan, hingga kegiatan produksi di berbagai bidang industri. Stopwatch merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur interval waktu, yaitu selang waktu antara dua peristiwa atau waktu yang telah berlalu saat suatu peristiwa terjadi (Blair, 1974). Satuan dasar dari interval waktu dalam sistem internasional satuan (SI) adalah sekon (s). Satu sekon didefinisikan sebagai durasi atau interval waktu dari 9 192 631 770 periode radiasi yang sesuai dengan transisi antara dua tingkat energi hiperhalus pada keadaan dasar atom cesium-133 (NIST, 1999). Hasil pengukuran interval waktu sangat bergantung pada kemampuan ukur dari stopwatch atau timer sebagai alat ukurnya. Beberapa parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap hasil pengukuran interval waktu, di antaranya kestabilan, akurasi, dan resolusi alat ukur.Kalibrasi stopwatch dan timer merupakan cara untuk memantau kemampuan pengukuran dari stopwatch dan timer agar terbangun rantai ketertelusuran stopwatch-timer ke standar utama waktu. Sama halnya dengan sistem kalibrasi besaran ukur lainnya, kalibrasi stopwatch-timer adalah proses membandingkan hasil pengukuran antara stopwatch atau timer yang dikalibrasi