The condition of limited infrastructure in Indonesia positions that current infrastructure is very important to be built immediately to support development in various fields so that economic, trade, industrial and other social activities run more smoothly and develop, so that the dynamics of society in all corners of the country will increase. The cost of producing electricity in Eastern Indonesia, such as Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara is currently 2 to 5 times the cost of producing electricity in Java, Bali and Sumatra. One of the ways that should be intensified is by building a small-scale Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) infrastructure concept that aims to meet the needs of gas consumers who do not receive gas pipelines or who require small volumes of gas, for example small capacity power plants, especially those in islands in Eastern Indonesia. In this archipelago, it is impossible for all regions to be connected by pipelines that cross the oceans, because of course it requires very large funds. The application of small-scale LNG technology is the right solution for LNG supply in Eastern Indonesia. If the energy infrastructure is available, the quality of human resources must also be improved so that they become human resources who are always active and always adapt to developments.

A rubble mound slope structure was designed to protect a decaying cellular steel sheet pile cofferdam breakwater which has been partially damaged. Reparation of this decaying cofferdam breakwater to its original form is considered uneconomic. Considering three basic design requirement, i.e. economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, and structural reliability and constructability, the rubble mound slope design has been proposed as a retrofit structure against 4.7m height of a 100yrs return period design wave. In this design, the existing vertical cofferdam stands originally at the harbour side, whereas the new additional rubble mound structure is attached to the cofferdam at the sea side creating together a new horizontal composite breakwater. The existing cofferdam supports the rubble mound structure at the harbour side, whereas the rubble mound structure provides protection against direct wave attack. This retrofit design of structure requires less 25% of materials volume and costs 30% cheaper than a full standalone rubble mound breakwater type. This less requirement of materials will consequently have positive impact on environment and natural resource conservation. The design of rubble mound slope that is directly attached to the existing breakwater will enable its easy construction by using vehicles that stand on the top of the existing breakwater. This article describes the design consideration including discussion on the structural reliability of the retrofitted breakwater.

A new breakwater is on demand to replace the function of an existing steel sheet pile cellular-cofferdam at TPPI Tuban Port of East Java. The existing breakwater has been partially damaged due to severe corrosion and hard attack by monsoon waves. An open frame structure of spun pile vertical-wall breakwater is proposed as an alternative design. The spun pile is a pre-stressed concrete hollow cylinder pile with outer diameter 1800mm and thickness of 200mm. The spun pile lengths vary between minimum 28m to maximum 33m according to the position of hard soil against seabed. The new breakwater is designed to stand against 100yrs RP wave with Hs = 4.7m. Wave height variations around the structure are simulated using Boussinesq Wave module of MIKE21 software, while SAP2000 is used to calculate the strength of superstructure to withstand existing loads and certain load combinations. Plaxis software is used mainly to analyze substructure using existing soil data. This article describes the design process of spun pile vertical wall breakwater, started from loads calculation, then define load combinations, analyze structure in SAP2000, analyze structure in Plaxis, determination of specification and dimension, to design drawings creation.