A thin layer of tin oxide with doping Fluorine was synthesized using the sol-gel spin coating method. The synthesis aims to determine the quality of thin layers formed based on temperature variations and the number of layers. The basic material used is SnCl2.2H2O, while the doping material used is NH4F with variations in concentrations of dopants 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. The substrate used is glass with a size of 10 x 10 x 3 mm. The synthesis of the thin layer includes substrate preparation, sol-gel making, thin film making, and heating process. At this stage SnO2:F is deposited on a glass substrate with sol-gel spin coating technique at the concentration of sol 1 M with doping levels of Fluorine 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, and treated with maturation for 24 hours. Making a thin layer using a spin coater at a speed of 2000 rpm for 3 minutes. The layer made consists of one layer, two layers, three layers and four layers. The resulting layer shows that the higher the doping percentage, the higher the transparency of the layer. In addition, the more the number of layers, the lower the transparency level. Keywords: Thin Film, Tin Oxide, Fluorine, Sol-gel, Spin Coating

This study aims to produce a product in the form of a science learning model for the acquisition of motion material concepts in valid objects, with the development path using a 4D model consisting of 4 stages of development namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. Learning tools developed are syllabus, Lesson Plain, SAS and tests of critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes. However, at this writing focused on the process of validation testing through validation tests on the development of devices made. The final result of this study is to produce valid learning development products. Keywords: Learning Devices, Validation

This study aims to produce learning media in high school grade XII science quantum phenomenon material. This research is development research that uses the research and development model of Borg and Gall with ten stages, but in this study only followed until the fifth step. Data from development research results in the form of a percentage of the validity of learning media from the validation sheet in the form of responses and suggestions obtained from the test results by material experts and media experts. This learning media is supported by a syllabus, learning implementation plans, and student worksheets as well as instruments for understanding students' concepts and critical thinking skills. The focus of this research is the validity test by material experts, media experts on the media developed. The results of the learning media validation from the test subjects were declared appropriate for use. Keywords: Learning Media; Quantum Phenomenon; Validation

The synthesis of the SnO2 thin film with doped materials of aluminum, fluorin indium, a combination of aluminum and indium, a combination of aluminum and fluorine, an a combination of the three doping agents, namely aluminum, fluorine, and indium have be successfully carried out. The purpose of this synthesis is to determine the effect of the vario doping materials on the resulting bandgap energy value. The thin layer was synthesized usi the sol-gel spin coating technique with the ratio of the base material and doping material us were 95: 5% and 85: 15%. The results showed that the higher the doping materi concentration, the resulting bandgap energy value decreased. In addition, the highest bandg energy value is found in the SnO2 thin film with indium doping, namely for direct 3.62 eV (9 5% percentage) and 3.59 eV (percentage 85: 15%), while the indirect bandgap energy value 3, 92 eV (percentage 95: 5%) and 3.67 eV (percentage 85: 15%). The lowest energy band g value is found in the SnO2 thin film with a combination of the three doping aluminum, fluorin and indium, namely for direct 3.50 eV (95: 5% percentage) and 3.41 eV (percentage 85: 15% while the energy band gap value is indirect. namely 3.81 eV (percentage 95: 5%) and 3.55 e (percentage 85: 15%). All the energy band gap range in semiconductor materials.

Abstract:This research is an experimental study that aims to support the temperature and variation of doping in making thin films. The temperature variations at room temperature annealing, 50, 100, 150, and 200oC, and doping variations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. The method used in this study is sol-gel spin coating. The results showed that thin films at low temperatures were more transparent than higher temperatures and the increase percentage doping causing thin films to be more transparent. Keywords:Thin Films; SnO2; Indium, Sol-gel, Spin Coating.