Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant life‐threatening cancer, with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death. Intestinal inflammation, a known CRC risk factor, nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, cancer‐associated fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, and secretory growth factors. The complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix‐remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease outcomes. Mounting evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. These cells impart features such as cancer stem cell‐like properties, drug resistance, invasion, and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs, promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth. A deeper understanding of the cytokine‐ and chemokine‐mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for CRC. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine‐ and chemokine‐mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which drives immunosuppression, resistance to therapeutics, and metastasis during CRC progression. We also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for CRC. The major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.

Background: Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic deposits are rare and can be seen in 0.8-5% cases. This study was done to evaluate the role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology(FNAC) in the diagnosis of cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules in patients with known malignancy or as a primary manifestation of an unknown malignancy. Methods:It was a 5 year retrospective study and the record of patients subjected to FNAC during this period was reviewed.Results: Out of total number of 13572 patients 58(0.42%) were diagnosed as cutaneous /subcutaneous metastatic deposits .In 51 cases ,the primary was known and in 7 cases it was an initial manifestation of an unknown primary. There were 39 males and 19 females with age range of 27-82 years .Conclusion: Commonest site of metastases was chest wall and most common primary was lung. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest diagnosis on morphology. This study emphasizes the efficacy of FNAC on the accurate diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules especially in patients with known malignancy .It also offers clue to the underlying malignancy in occult primary.

Glomus tumor, a benign neoplastic proliferation of modified smooth muscle cells characteristically occurs in a digital subungual location and presents with localised pain. Extra-digital locations that have been described so far include bone, tongue, stomach, rectum, lung, mediastinum, sacrum, coccyx and head and neck areas. Though the histology of glomus tumor is very characteristic, cytological features are poorly defined. Less than ten cases describing cytologic features have been reported so far. We present a case of glomus tumor of the knee joint detected on fine needle aspiration and confirmed later on histopathology, in a 55-year-old male. JMS 2011;14(2):71-73

No abstract

Background: FNAC has become an established investigation in the diagnosis of accessible and palpable lesions. Most of the intra-abdominal masses are non-palpable and even if they are palpable, the idea of their size and shape and the extent of the lesion is not possible. Therefore, various imaging modalities like ultra-sonography, computed tomography and fluoroscopy are used as a guide for fine needle aspiration nowadays. Objectives of this study were to assess the utility of image guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of non-palpable intra-abdominal lesions. To study the cytomorphological features of these lesions. To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of image guided fine needle aspiration cytology of these lesions.Methods: A prospective study of percutaneous aspiration biopsy of intra-abdominal masses, to evaluate its utility was undertaken in the department of pathology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir. FNA was performed in 183 patients.Results: Adequate cell sample was obtained in majority of the cases (83.6%). Majority of the abdominal masses were arising from the liver (65%). Location of abdominal masses also included those arising from pancreas (12.02%), kidneys (7.65%), lymph nodes (7.65%), Gall bladder (6%) omental deposits (1.09%) and adrenal gland (0.54%). Majority of US guided FNA was done in liver masses. Overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of image guided FNAC of intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses of the study was 100%, 100% and 93.54%, respectively.Conclusions: There is lack of awareness regarding dog bite and its management among the rural population.