Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new emerging concept and is an extended notion of Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs). In IoV the vehicles (nodes) are connected to the internet and able to transmit information. However, due to resources constraint nature of vehicles, they may not want to cooperate in order to save its own resources such as memory, energy, and buffer, etc. This behavior may lead to poor system performance. IoV needs an efficient solution to motivate the nodes in terms of cooperation to avoid selfish behavior. A novel mechanism Incentive and Punishment Scheme (IPS) has been proposed in this article where vehicles with higher weight and cooperation are elected as Heads during the election process. Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves (VCG) model has been used to scrutinize the weight of these heads. Vehicle participating in the election process can increase its incentives (reputation) by active participation (forwarding data). Vehicles with repeated selfish behavior are punished. The monitoring nodes monitor the performance of their neighbor nodes after the election process. A mathematical model and algorithms has been developed for the election, monitoring and incentive processes. The proposed approach has been simulated through VDTNSim environment to analyze the performance of the proposed IPS. The performance results demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform the existing schemes in terms of packet delivery ratio, average delivery delay, average cost, and overhead. INDEX TERMS Internet of vehicles, smart objects, VCG model, selfish behavior, incentive techniques.

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Deployed in harsh or hostile environments, it is usually impossible to replace/recharge the power source of a sensor node in a wireless sensor network. Therefore, the only solution is an energy efficient communication system. This paper presents an energy efficient system based on multipath collaborative communication having noise and fading. The collaborative communication exploits spatial diversity to achieve high gain in received power, low bit error rate (BER), and high energy savings even if the received signals are out-of-phase. The experimental results confirm that the benefits are further enhanced by the use of the multipath environment in combination with collaborative communication. For the trade-off analysis between energy consumption and transmission distances, the multipath collaborative communication is compared with the single-input-single-output (SISO) system. Collaborative communication performs better over the long distance; however, the SISO is suitable for short distances. The proposed collaborative communication system can achieve 99% energy savings in comparison to the SISO system.

For inter and intra cluster communication, member nodes jointly build a mutual session key called cluster key to allow secure communication. Most existing schemes for cluster key management use messages exchange among the member nodes within a cluster for the new cluster key establishment when a node leaves or joins a cluster. This causes significant communication and computation costs. Furthermore, the secure distribution of cluster keys among member nodes in frequently changing environments is a difficult task without encryption and decryption operations. For secure cluster key management, we utilized polynomial (P) to accomplish effective intracluster key management and produced polynomial for making an inter-cluster key distribution. The main contribution is to generate polynomials and broadcast to nodes whenever a change occurs in a network or demanding nodes for secure key management. The presented scheme supports scalability for an increasing number of nodes using polynomials. The proposed scheme increases the lifetime of the network by decreasing the key pool size.