Foreign Investment (FDI) in developing economies affects the supply of capital affecting local investment. This international practice can either be analyzed through substitution effect (crowding-out) or complementary effect (crowding-in). The former discourages local investors due to competitive pressure while the latter impacts the demand of domestic suppliers. This study intends to explore whether FDI crowds out domestic investment or not. The study analyzed the FDI-led capital formation hypothesis considering the panel data of South Asian economies for the time span of 1991- 2021. The study has utilized the fixed effect, FMOLS and DOLS techniques to analyze the data using FDI inflows. The empirical evidence of the study affirms the crowding in effect for the selected South Asian economies, The study suggests that internationalization, financial inclusion and |macroeconomic stability are potential channels to foster domestic capital in South incl countries.

Pakistan has been facing the problem of increasing environmental degradation over the past a decade or so. Like most of the emerging economies, Pakistan is also on the trajectory of economic growth but this outcome has also increased environmental degradation (ecological footprint) EFP. It is, therefore, imperative to point out factors, which are contributing to environmental degradation. In this regard, the current study explores the effect of financial development, institutional quality, and human development on EFP. In Financial development and EFP nexus, the study finds the mitigating role of institutional quality and human development. The study used time series data ranging from 1980 to 2021 for Pakistan. The research conducted the Autoregressive Distributed lag technique (ARDL) to find out how these variables are econometrically related. The empirical work unearthed that financial development has increased EFP. The study further found the role of, institutional quality, and human development as dampening the effect of financial development on EFP. Based on the findings of the study Pakistan should keep the process of financial development but for the sustainability of the environment, it must also improve both, institutional quality and human development. Keywords: Financial development, Institutional quality, environmental degradation, human development and ARDL.

The dissimilarities of cooking fuel are subjected to several attributes associated with the household’s personal life and social life. A household chooses firewood for cooking purposes because of easy access and affordability but also uses multiple energy sources at the same time. These choices become conditional upon a number of factors. These factors can be income, education, location, access, and awareness. The current study attempts to explore the influencing factors of joint energy choices for cooking in the cities of Pakistan. The study is grounded upon the microdata, collected by PSLM at the household level. The study uses Multivariate Probit (MVP) to capture jointly chosen sources of cooking energy and their influencing factors. The study found that households residing in D I Khan and tank city are dominantly using firewood and households residing in Karachi Lahore and Peshawar prefer to cook on gas energy. The study also found that education, internet use, and income are significantly associated with the choice of clean energy such as Gas and LPG for cooking at the household level in the cities of Pakistan. Distance to road and time to markets are negatively associated with clean sources of energy for cooking in Pakistan. Keywords: Cities, Energy choices, Cooking energy, and Household. JEL classification Q40 R20

Karachi is the leading metropolitan in Pakistan with the largest population and some additional attributes, including Transport intensity, and diverse business operations. The rising population increases the pressure on transport demand and to meet such mandates it is the responsibility of the state to ensure the supply of quality transport which is economically feasible and environmentally sustainable. BRTS was initiated to improve the quality of life through value addition in the existing transport. The rising trend of building BRTS is briskly on the rise in emerging countries across the world. The outcrop of shipping in big cities pursues to increase economic growth and alter the city's image for dwellers and interlopers. The goal of this research is to look at the use of the best possible substitute energy-saving methods in public transport. A decision-making efficiency analysis approach is used for the comparative study of both orthodox fuel and hybrid bus systems for Karachi city. In this paper, the application of an energy-based bus system is investigated in comparison to customary public transportation services in Karachi on a specific route. Except for one midway portion, the hybrid Bus system's efficiency remained better or comparable to the conventional value of 1. The study found that BRTs are sustainable solutions for big cities and they can be used instead of the customary bus system and it will serve as an energy-efficient and environmentally beneficial way out of public transport. The government of Sindh should promote such types of projects for the sustainable future of Karachi and its inhabitants. Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis, Bus Rapid Transit, Green Line.