Background. The complex architecture of the right atrium, crista terminalis (CT), and the musculi pectinati (MP) poses enormous challenges in electrophysiology and cardiac conduction. Few studies have been undertaken to substantiate the gross features of MP, in relation to the CT, but there is still scarcity of data regarding this. We tried to reinvestigate the gross arrangement of muscle bundles in the right atrium. Methods. Utilizing 151 human hearts and orientation of MP and its variations and relationship to the CT were investigated along with taenia sagittalis (TS). Patterns of MP were grouped in 6 categories and TS under three groups. Result. A plethora of variations were observed. Analysis of all the specimen revealed that 68 samples (45%) were of type 1 category and 27 (18%) fell into type 2 category. Prominent muscular columns were reported in 12 samples (8%). 83 samples (55%) presented with a single trunk of TS. Multiple trunks of TS were reported in 38 samples (25%). Conclusion. Samples with type 6 MP and type B/type C TS, which have a more complex arrangement of fibers, have a tendency to be damaged during cardiac catheterization. Nonetheless, the area as a whole is extremely significant considering the pragmatic application during various cardiac interventions.

Introduction: The mental foramen (MF) is a strategically important landmark during surgical interventions and anaesthetic blockage procedures involving the mental nerve. The purpose of this study was to assess various parameters pertaining to the morphology and morphometry of the mental foramen in 93 dry human mandibles. Methodology: Measurements were taken as the distance between alveolar margin and MF, distance between MF and base of the mandible, distance between symphysis menti and MF and distance between MF and posterior border of the ramus of the mandible. The study also included the relation of MF with the lower teeth (the position of the MF was recorded as lying in line with the long axis of a tooth or interdental space in one of the six types, 1 to 6). Results: The most common shape of the foramen was oval (70%). The most common position of the MF as related to the lower set of teeth was in line with the second premolar. The mean distance between symphysis menti and anterior margin of MF was 18.8mm (SD= 12.02) and 19.6mm (SD= 12.18), on the right and left sides respectively. Mean distance between posterior margin of MF and posterior border of ramus was 48.8 mm (SD=28.6) on the right side and 47.9 mm (SD=28.1) on the left side. Mean distance between alveolar crest and superior margin of MF was 10.2 mm (SD= 5.4) on right side and 10 mm (SD=5.2) on the left side. Mean distance between inferior margin of MF and lower border of the body of mandible was 9.9 mm (SD= 5.12) on the right side and 10.1 mm (SD= 5.2) on the left side. Conclusion: The study carries clinical credibility in ascertaining the accurate location of the MF and thus avoiding any unforeseen injury related to anaesthesia or dental surgeries.

Key Words: Mental foramen, Mental nerve, Mandible, Morphology, Morphometry, Dental Anaesthesia

Scabies is a common skin disorder. It is caused by a mite called Sarcoptes Scabiei. Sarcoptes scabiei is an arthropod that burrows into the skin and live and reproduce there. The class is Arachnida, subclass acari, family sarcoptidae. The mites are usually not seen with naked eye. The parasite burrows into the epidermis of the skin using it as a shelter and it leaves the eggs inside. Scabies is a disease transmitted by direct skin to skin contact with the infected person or with his items such as clothing or blankets used by the infected person and so on.  After a while as an immune reaction this will cause an intense itching and skin rash especially in fingers, axilla, wrists, areola and genitalia. In this comprehensive review study, we are going to discuss the histopathology and life cycle of causative agent, disease transmission, sign and symptoms, prevention and psychosocial impact of an individual

Sexual dimorphic studies of various parameters of the femur play an important role in forensic studies. Various femur morphometric parameters help estimate an individual’s age, sex, and stature from unknown skeletal remains. This research was done to analyze maximum length, trochanteric oblique length, and diameter of the femur head for sexual dimorphism. The study was done on 200 (128 male & 72 female) Indian adult human femora, which were fully ossified, dry, and free from deformity. The maximum length of the femur (L), trochanteric oblique length (TOL), and vertical diameter of the head (VDH) were measured using an osteometric board and digital Vernier calipers. The mean length of the femur was 436.88 mm in males and 402.38 mm in females, respectively. The mean trochanteric oblique length of the femur was 423.78 mm in males and 387.18 mm in females, respectively. The mean vertical diameter of the femur head was 43 mm in males and 38.19 mm in females, respectively. Depending upon the results of this study, it was concluded that the mean values of maximum length, trochanteric oblique length, and vertical diameter of the femur head are significantly higher in males than females. These parameters are useful and reliable for sexual dimorphism in anthropometric and forensic studies, especially in identifying skeletal remains. These differences can also be considered in selecting or designing the exact ranges of the gender-specific prosthesis for Orthopedic surgeries.

This paper presents a rare anatomical variation in the form of accessory fallopian tube on right side. The duplication of fallopian tube was observed in a 34-year-old female during routine undergraduate dissection in our department. Fallopian tube is the part of uterus that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. Accessory fallopian tube is the congenital anomaly attached to the ampullary part of main tube. This accessory tube is common site of pyosalpinx, hydrosalpinx, cystic swelling and torsion. The ovum released by the ovary may also be captured by the blind accessory tube leading to infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Hence, all patients of infertility or pelvic inflammatory disease should be screened to rule out the presence of accessory fallopian tube and if encountered should be removed.