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The primary objective of this study was to determine post-treatment variations in the hematological profile of stage 2 breast cancer patients and investigate the influence of disease stage and treatment pattern on these changes. The secondary objective was to evaluate the role of post-treatment hemoglobin as a predictor of disease-free survival. MethodsThis prospective, observational study included 177 stage 2, female, breast cancer patients. Treatment included surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal (antiestrogen) therapy. Patients were divided into treatment groups based on their histopathological features. Laboratory investigations, including hemoglobin and complete blood count, were carried out twice, first, at the initial cancer diagnosis and, second, eight weeks after completion of radiotherapy. The patients were followed for a period of four years and their disease-free survival was calculated.

Background: Dental infections were caused by the bacterium overgrowth on the surface of the tooth, and treatment should always be set up to prevent this development.Antibiotics have long been used as a conventional antibacterial medication, but their overuse has resulted in microbes gaining resistance to many of the antibiotics, trying to make many commercialized therapeutic remedies ineffectual and resulting to infection recurrence. In this regard we aim to analyze the antibacterial activity of nigella sativa seeds’ and fenugreek seed extract rinses against S. mutans' colonies. Methodology: It was a preclinical experimental study conducted at Baqai Medical and Dental College Karachi., from January - June 2021. Calculated sample size was n = 80 Consecutive sampling technique was used. Plaque of study participants was collected on sterile strips that was transported to laboratory for culture in sterile containers.The extract of Fenugreek seed and nigella sativa seed was kept in an airtight bottle and stored in a refrigerator till usage. The extracts were diluted in distilled water in 1:4 (Extract: Distilled water). Study participants were instructed to not brush their teeth before sampling. Study participants were divided into four groups (negative control, positive control, fenugreek seed extract group and Nigella sativa group) each group had 20 participants. Diluted Fenugreek seed extract and Nigella sativa extract was given to experimental groups for rinses. Results: There was significant decrease in number of colonies in positive controls, fenugreek seed extract group and nigella sativa extract group and there was no change in number of colonies in control group. Furthermore, the analysis showed significant (p-value = 0.001) difference among the groups followed by post hoc analysis. Post hoc analysis showed no difference between positive control, fenugreek seed extract group and nigella sativa group. Conclusion: Fenugreek seed extract and Nigella Sativa seed extract showed comparable antibacterial properties. Also, the effect was found to be similar to commercially available mouth rinse.

Background: Flax seeds has health-potentiating medicinal benefits due to the presence of a remarkable amount of bioactive compounds. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of flax seeds against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae has been documented. Therefore, the current study current aims to investigated the antibacterial activity flax seeds extract rinse against Streptococcus mutans colonies Methodology: It was a preclinical experimental study and sample size was n = 60. The participants were given an envelope for group randomization. Film of plaque from labial surface of teeth of study participants was collected on sterile strips that was transported to laboratory for culture in sterile containers. For culture S. mutant samples were inoculated in Columbia Agar. The flax seeds extract was diluted in distilled water in 1:4 (Extract: Distilled water) concentration. And participants were divided into 3 groups. (negative control, positive control, flax seed extract group). Diluted flax seed extract was given to experimental group for rinses, distilled water was given to negative control group and positive controls were given a commercially available mouth rinse. Next sample of plaque was collected after two hours to observe the effects of flax seed extract on bacterial colonies. Results: The growth of colonies was calculated on growth media plates in samples prior to rinsing and samples that were taken after the rinsing. The pre and post samples showed significant (p-value <0.05) decrease in number of colonies in positive control group (conventional rinse) and flax seed extract group. Conclusion: Flax seeds extract mouth rinse reduced the number of colonies equally as that of commercially available mouth rinse.

Subjects and Methods: This is a comparative study of analgesic efficacy between aspirin, diclofenac and ketorolac. 40 albino rats were taken and divided into 4 equal groups. Group A, B, C and D treated with normal saline, Aspirin, diclofenac and ketorolac respectively. Results: Significant increase in reaction time was observed with aspirin, diclofenac and ketorolac (p<0.001) using hotplate analgesia meter. Increase in tail flick latency was also found with all three drugs. Ketorolac produces 6.7 second increase in tail flick latency. Conclusion: NSAIDs are the first line of management in acute and chronic pain. Ketorolac is more effective than other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Key words:NSAIDs, Aspirin, Diclofenac, Ketorolac