In this study we screened Viburnum grandiflorum for bioactive secondary metabolites and biological activity. Secondary metabolites were detected by phytochemical tests, and biological activity was confirmed through antimicrobial and anti-oxidant assays. Phytochemical screening (alkaloidal, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and glycosides) was performed with methanol, and aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts. Antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains -staphylococcus auries, Escherichia Coli, Bacillus subtillus, and salmonella typhi -were measured. Methanolic extract showed maximum inhibitory activity with diameter of zone of inhibition (11.66 mm), followed by n-hexane extract (9.33 mm) and then ethyl acetate extract. Four different fungi (Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Stachybotrys chartarum) were also tested against plant stem extract using different solvents. Dimethyl sulfoxide extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition at 20 mg/ml. Anti-oxidant activity of stem extract of Viburnum grandiflorum was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Then we measured absorbance, and percentage activity at each concentration was found for three solvent extracts to get Ic50 values. These data support Viburnum grandiflorum as having enough potential to be used safely as an antimicrobial drug.

This study focuses on evaluating total phenolic contents (TPC) in Taraxacum officinale (L.), a member of the family Asteraceae (compositae). The TPC were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent and gallic acid was taken as standard. The amount of phenolics was communicated as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The TPC varied from 41.47 mg/g to 691.6 mg/g in the Taraxacum officinale (L.) extracts. The maximum phenolic contents were found in hydro-alcoholic extract (691.6 mg/g GAE) in comparison with aqueous extract. These extracts have a significant role as antibacterial and antimicrobial agents.

The present study aimed to determine the detoxification potential of the food industry by-products such as yeast sludge against the harmful effects of aflatoxins on broilers. The objective of this study was to compare the binding capacity of yeast sludge fractions i.e. yeast sludge cell wall (YSCW) and yeast sludge cell solubles (YSCS) against different levels of AFB1 and AFG1. Yeast sludge was sonicated into yeast sludge cell walls and yeast sludge cell soluble. A total of 300 one-dayold chicks were randomly divided into 10 treatments with three replicates per treatment and ten chicks per replicate. The 10 treatments included negative control, three positive control with different levels of AFB1 and AFG1, and three different adsorbents with different levels of combinations of AFB1 and AFG1. AFB1 and AFG1 treatments were offered with different levels of AFs (50, 100, and 150 µg/kg) without toxin binder in the feed while the remaining treatments included 0.5% YSCW and 0.5% YSCS as toxin binders at different levels of AFB1 and AFG1 in a factorial arrangement. Feed and water were provided timely with great accuracy. The Aflatoxins showed a significant effect on production, slaughtering, and serum chemistry parameters. The yeast sludge cell wall exhibited significant effects on the production and slaughtering parameters of chicks. Yeast sludge cell wall also showed a significant effect on the biochemical and mineral profile of chicks. The results confirmed that natural binders are economically effective in commercial poultry production.

Recent probe of medicinal plants incorporated in traditional systems for curing infection and sustaining holistic health, has exposed good sum of therapeutic efficiency against deleterious infections and chronic illnesses. Rheum palmatum (Chinese Rhubarb, family Polygonaceae) is a significant medicinal herb, which finds an extensive use in Unani (Traditional) system of medicine. It has been traditionally employed as antiseptic, liver stimulant, diuretic, diabetes, stomachic, purgative/cathartic, anticholesterolemic, antitumor, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, tonic, antidiabetic, and wound healer. The most vital components from Rheum palmatum are the phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and anthraquinone derivatives such as aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, rhein, emodin and its glucorhein, and glycoside. Rhubarb also contains tannins which include hydrolysable-tannins, containing glycosidic or ester bonds composed of glucose, gallic acid, and other monosaccharide’s and condensed tannins, resulting principally from the flavone derivatives leukocyanidin and catechin. In recent years, new components such asrevandchinone-1, revandchinone-2, revandchinone-3, revandchinone-4, sulfemodin8-O-b-Dglucoside, and 6-methyl-rhein and aloe-emodin have been reported from the same class. It also encompasses some macro and micro mineral elements such as Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Na, Cu, and Li. Anthraquinone derivatives demonstrate evidence of anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-proliferative, anti-Parkinson’s, immune enhancing, anticancer, antiulcer, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. This review article covers published study on therapeutic uses of different constituents from rhubarb.

Trachyspermum ammi L. (Apiaceae) is commonly famous as Ajwain. Ajwain, Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague is an erect yearly herb with striate stem, India and eastern Persia is the origin of this plant. The most useful element of ajwain is the little fruit like caraway, which always especially admired in Indian delectable recipes, flavorful baked goods, and snacks. In Ayurvedic meds, it is utilized as a restorative plant for its stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, and tonic properties. Ajwain is grown in arid or partially arid regions where concentration of salts is very high. Ajwain due to its typical odor and sharp tastes is employed in curries as a flavor. Its seed are utilized as flavoring agents in foods as preservatives, for the manufacture of vital oil in perfume industry, in medicine and Essential oil extracted from Ajwain especially thymol helps in relieving cholera. Ajwain seeds are also effective in treating aphrodisiac and premature ejaculation. Among external relieves, Ajwain is effective in treating asthma, delirium, colic earache and rheumatism. Along with the potent antioxidant activity, the Ajwain methanolic extract revealed to exhibit in vivo hepatoprotective activity with 80% defense against an in general deadly dose of paracetamol in pests. The bronchodilatory impact of the decocted concentrate of Ajwain on the asthmatic patients' airways was inspected in an ensuing examination ponders. According to the outcomes, the concentrate has a reasonably bronchodilatory impact on asthmatic airways assessed to the impact of Theophylline at fixations utilized.