From “Made in China” to “Created in China” – China’s way to innovation supremacy China is not only a country of cheap production (“Made in China”). China is becoming more and more innovative, as evidenced by its growing position in the annual Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking. Over the past decade, China has become an emerging superpower while the economic position of the United States and the European Union has weakened. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of whether the US innovation supremacy becoming the past. The role of China is growing as a result of departing from “Made in China” and illegally obtained technological solutions in favor of innovation and technologically advanced production “Created in China.” Huawei is one of the most innovative companies in the world. The analysis is carried out in the context of the significance of the Thucydides trap in the technological war between the United States and China and the location of changes in the innovativeness of both countries in the aspect of the Kondratiev cycle. Additionally, China may come out stronger from the pandemic that has changed the whole world.

Purpose: The authors of the article try to situate the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)-Chinese flag international project-in theory and turn attention to the risks accompanying it. The article examines the applicability of a theoretical concept connected with the sharing economy towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Presenting the idea of shared development is a novelty in the approach towards BRI. It puts China at the center of the future globalization wave, describing the process with Chinese characteristics and comparing it with Western-style globalization. The aim of this research is also to assess and discuss the disadvantages and threats of the Belt and Road Initiative from different points of view countries/participants involved, the world economy, and China itself. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main tool used in the first part of the research is a literature analysis, whereas, in the second part, logical reasoning based on a critical analysis of recent and older literature and official Chinese statements have been used. The third part of the reasoning is based on empirical examples from Belt and Road countriesthis being a base for synthesizing the research. A qualitative method was applied to this research. Findings: The study results have confirmed that given the various aspects concerning the BRI, the initiative is a source of both opportunities and threats for all the participating sides. Practical Implications: The results can be used to estimate the positive and negative consequences of individual economies' engagement in the BRI project. They may enhance or warn the engaged countries as far as this grand project's participation is concerned. Originality/value: The concept of shared development as the theoretical base for the Belt and Road Initiative is a complete novelty. The multifaceted approach towards the positive and negative sides of BRI is also not popular in the literature. The model used in the article is the effect of the authors' own work.

The hydrogen market in the world today is capable ovule and empirical evidence on activity of patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production is limited so far. Patent applications in zero-emission mobility in the aspect of fuel cells include: DAFC/DMFC&DMFC, PEMFC, SOFC, AFC, PAFC. As for the patents relating to the hydrogen production, they concern low carbon, electrolysis and inorganic. The purpose of the study was to investigate certain aspects of the activity of patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production in the context of passenger car fleet in the Visegrad group (V4) countries and to explore the relationship between patent registrations and GDP per capita in V4. The research area relates to the answer to the question of whether a country’s involvement in zero-emission patent activity (patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production) could contribute to the renewal of the country’s passenger car fleet. The theses were formulated as follows: 1) activity of patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production in the V4 countries doesn’t depend on the car fleet in these countries, 2) the level of GDP per capita in the V4 countries is not followed by the number of patents registrations in hydrogen technology, 3) the highest patent activity in fuel cells and hydrogen production doesn’t mean that the car fleet in these country will be zero-emission in coming years. The method used in this article is a comparative analysis, but also the relationships between patent registrations, GDP per capita and passenger car fleet in V4 are considered

Purpose – The aim of the article is to present the problem of energy security as a key element of the economic security of the state. The study presents methods of measuring energy security, and then the study analyzes the dependence on energy imports of the EU countries. A special place was devoted to the Polish economy – in the context of searching for an answer to the question of whether Poland has a chance to achieve independence from the import of energy resources in the coming years. Research method – The article uses the method of descriptive and explanatory research, mainly the analysis of Eurostat data, as well as the cause and effect analysis based on a review of the literature on the subject. Results – Presentation of Poland’s energy security in comparison with other EU countries, paying special attention to (no) dependence on imported energy resources. Originality/value/implications/recommendation – The article presents quantitative and qualitative methods of measuring energy security, and then presents a ranking of the EU countries from the point of view of the index of energy dependence on imports, de facto from Russia. Moreover, the paper indicates forecasts for the Polish economy in the context of its energy security.

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