Universities around the world were closed for several months to slow down the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. During this crisis, a tremendous amount of effort was made to use online education to support the teaching and learning process. The COVID-19 pandemic gave us a profound insight into how online education can radically affect students and how students adapt to new challenges. The question is how switching to online education affected dropout? This study shows the results of a research project clarifying the impact of the transition to online courses on dropouts. The data analysed are from a large public university in Europe where online education was introduced in March 2020. This study compares the academic progress of students newly enroled in 2018 and 2019 using IRT modelling. The results show that (1) this period did not contribute significantly to the increase in dropout, and we managed to retain our students.(2) Subjects became more achievable during online education, and students with less ability were also able to pass their exams. (3) Students who participated in online education reported lower average grade points than those who participated in on-campus education. Consequently, on-campus students could win better scholarships because of better grades than students who participated in online education. Analysing students’ results could help (1) resolve management issues regarding scholarship problems and (2) administrators develop programmes to increase retention in online education.

A cikk a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/) feltételei szerint publikált Open Access közlemény, melynek szellemében a cikk bármilyen médiumban szabadon felhasználható, megosztható és újraközölhető, feltéve, hogy az eredeti szerző és a közlés helye, illetve a CC License linkje és az esetlegesen végrehajtott módosítások feltüntetésre kerülnek. (SID_1)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term disorder that significantly impairs somatic, emotional, and psychological functioning. The objective of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize the effects of psychological interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), emotional disclosure (ED), group therapy (GT), mindfulness (M), patient education (PE), and relaxation (R)) on biopsychosocial outcomes in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic search of all relevant existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted using the following online bibliographic databases: JSTOR, PubMed, PsycNET, and The Cochrane Library. Reference lists were searched for additional reports. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. After the selection process, 57 articles were included and 392 were excluded. Three separate meta-analyses were conducted involving psychological interventions as the main variables, showing: (1) significant positive medium effect sizes for average values (Hedges-g = 0.399, Z = 0.399, p = 0.009); (2) significant positive large effect sizes for maximum values (Hedges-g = 0.856, Z = 4.223, p < 0.001); and (3) non-significant results for minimum values (Hedges-g = −0.047, Z = −0.335, p = 0.738). These results demonstrate that, when grouped, psychological interventions are, on average, moderately effective in treating RA. Overall, this review shows consistent, supportive evidence that psychological interventions can significantly contribute to the standard medical care of RA patients. However, more high-quality, large-sample RCTs still need to confirm these findings.

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Elméleti háttér: A Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (Önkritikusság és Önmegerősítés Skála) magyar változatának köszönhetően az önkritikusság jelensége Magyarországon is mérhetővé vált. Cél: Jelen vizsgálat során bemutatásra kerül az Önkritikusság és Önmegerősítés Skála magyar mintán történő alkalmazhatósága, és az önegyüttérzéstől való félelem mellett a depresszióval, valamint az élettel való elégedettséggel vizsgált öszszefüggése. Módszerek: A kutatásban összesen 434 fő vett részt: 107 férfi és 327 nő, átlagéletkoruk 30,2 (SD = 12,15) év. Eredmények: A feltáró faktoranalízis az Önkritikusság és Önmegerősítés Skála (FSCRS-HU) esetén az eredetihez hasonló háromfaktoros struktúrát jelzett: a magyar mintán is megjelentek az alkalmatlan én (inadequate self), a megerősített én (reassured self) és a gyűlölt én (hated self) dimenziói. Ezt a struktúrát a konfirmatív faktoranalízis is megerősítette (RMSEA = 0,056; CFI = 0,945) és az alskálák belső megbízhatósága megfelelőnek bizonyult (Cronbach-α = 0,9; 0,87, 0,83, sorrendben). Az FSCRS-HU mind a depresszióval (r = 0,62 – 0,68; p < 0,01), mind az önegyüttérzéstől való félelemmel (r = 0,65 – 0,68; p = 0,01) és az élettel való elégedettséggel (r = [–0,51] – [–0,52]; p = 0,01) is szignifikáns, közepes erősségű együttjárást mutatott. Az életkor gyenge, az alkalmatlan én esetében pedig közepes mértékű szignifikáns hatása mindhárom alskálánál megjelent. A nemek közt azonban egyedül az alkalmatlan én esetén volt szignifikáns különbség (Z = –2,109; p = 0,040; rang Cohen-d = –0,229). Következtetések: Összességében az Önkritikusság és Önmegerősítés Skála megbízható és érvényes mérőeszköznek bizonyult hazai mintán is.Background: Due to the Hungarian version of the Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale, the phenomenon of self-criticism has become measurable in Hungary as well. Aims: In the present study we present the applicability of the Self-Criticism and Self-Reassuring Scale on a Hungarian sample and its relationship to depression, life satisfaction, and fear of self-compassion. Methods: A total of 434 people participated in the research: 107 men and 327 women, with a mean age of 30.2 (SD = 12.15) years. Results: The exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure similar to the original version of the Self-Criticism and Self- Reassuring Scale, the Hungarian sample also showed the dimensions of the inadequate self, the reassured self and the hated self. This structure was also confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.056, CFI = 0.945) and the internal reliability of the subscales proved to be adequate (Cronbach's α = 0.9, 0.87, and 0.83, respectively). The FSCRS-HU showed a significant, moderate association with both depression (r = 0.62 – 0.68; p < 0.01) and fear of self-compassion (r = 0.65 – 0.68, p < 0.01) and life satisfaction (r = [–0.51] – [–0.52], p = 0.01). Age had a weak and, in the case of an inadequate self, a moderately significant effect on all three subscales. There was a significant difference between the sexes only in the case of the inadequate self (Z = –2.109, p = 0.040, rank Cohen’s d = –0.229). Conclusions: Overall, the Self-Criticism and Self- Reassuring Scale proved to be a reliable and valid measurement tool in the Hungarian sample as well.