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In 1989, a ladle furnace was installed at Scunthorpe requiring a refractory change from alumina-lined ladles to Irregular flow can occur randomly in a casting magnesia-carbon: incidents of irregular ow increased. The sequence and mostly occurs in Si-Mn killed high addition of CaSi reduced irregular ow to low levels. C steels. Irregular flow increases reoxidation, mouldAt IJmuiden BOS no. 1 (billet plant closed in April 2001), level fluctuations and slag entrainment, all of which it was noticed that steel made in basic ladle refractory cause deterioration of the surface quality of the (in this case dolomite) showed incidents of irregular ow billets. The effect of calcium on irregular flow in when no, or an insuYcient amount, of calcium was added.4 billet casting of Si-Mn killed steels is discussed A basic ladle refractory was used for Al (Si) killed steels based on experience at two Corus steelplants, and most of the Si killed quality steels. Almost no irregular Scunthorpe and IJmuiden. Some theoretical ow was noticed (i.e. no calcium additions were used) for aspects of calcium treatment are also discussed.steel made in an andalusite lining mostly used for com-I&S/1781 mercial Si-Mn killed steel grades such as rebar qualities. This gave rise to the idea that 'clean steel' is more sensitive