Summary Starting with the consideration of a two‐locus system of a diploid organism, a general model for crossbreeding parameters, including additive, dominance, additive × additive, additive × dominance and dominance × dominance effects, is derived. A general procedure for the calculation of the coefficients of the crossbreeding parameters is described. As the number of parameters in the general model is high, reparametrization conditions must be introduced to reduce this number. The derivation of 13 models for two source populations known from the literature is demonstrated. Four new models for a detailed analysis of epistatic effects in crossbreeding plans with more than two source populations are presented. An example from cattle breeding is given. Problems connected with the reparametrization and the estimation of effects are discussed. Zusammenfassung Kreuzungszucht bei Nutztieren. V. Analyse von Kreuzungsplänen mit sekundären Kreuzungsgenerationen Ausgehend von der Betrachtung eines Zweilokus‐Systems eines diploiden Organismus wird ein allgemeines Modell für Kreuzungsparameter abgeleitet, das additive, dominante, additiv × additive, additiv × dominante und dominant × dominante Effekte enthält. Eine allgemeine Methode zur Berechnung der Koeffizienten der Kreuzungsparameter wird beschrieben. Da die Anzahl der Parameter im allgemeinen Modell hoch ist, müssen Reparametrisierungsbedingungen eingeführt werden, um diese Anzahl zu senken. Die Ableitung von 13 Modellen für zwei Ausgangspopulationen, die aus der Literatur bekannt sind, wird demonstriert. Vier neue Modelle für eine detaillierte Analyse von epistatischen Effekten in Kreuzungsplänen mit mehr als zwei Ausgangspopulationen werden vorgestellt. Ein Beispiel aus der Rinderzüchtung wird angeführt. Probleme, die mit der Reparametrisierung und der Schätzung der Effekte zusammenhängen, werden diskutiert.
Milk performance data of cross-breds in the synthetic breed German Black Pied Dairy Cattle (SMR), that had calved for the first time between 1970 and 1984, were used to estimate individual cross-breeding effects on milk production traits. Three million pure-bred and cross-bred cows that were in their first lactation and had originated from conventional housing systems were involved. For 1111331 cows genetic groups according to their respective ancestry could be formed. The additive breed differences and heterosis effects estimated by the Dickerson model correspond to those effects determined by the majority of other authors. For milk yield, highly significant negative effects were obtained for the Holstein-Friesian × Black Pied Cattle and Jersey, respectively. The estimates ranged between 4.8 % and 5.0 % of the mean of all cross-breeding groups. In cross-breds with Jersey the recombination loss for fat percentage was between 5.3 % and 6.0 %. These results support the theory that recombination loss occurs predominantly when breeds, which have been selected for a long period for certain traits, are crossed. The recombination loss for fat yield attains values between 1.9 % and 6.8 %. Different genetic models for the estimation of cross-breeding effects were compared. In contrast to the Dickerson model, the modified genetic models of Jakubec et al. (1991) and Mather and Jinks (1971) (models A, B, C and D) and those of Kinghorn (1980, 1982, 1987) enabled estimation of the genetic components underlying heterosis. Model A accounts for additive, dominant and additive × additive effects and this model can be transformed by linear functions into the Dickerson model. As model A shows an exact separation of the heterosis and epistatic effects, this model is preferred to that of Dickerson (1969, 1973). The estimated additive × dominance effects, obtained using model B, are significant and half as large as the additive × additive effects. The extent of dominance × dominance effects (models C and D) could not be determined with the restrictions used. If these epistatic interactions are taken into consideration, the standard errors of the estimates increase and the accuracy of the estimates decreases. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Schätzung individueller Kreuzungseffekte für Milchleistungsmerkmale beim Schwarzbunten Milchrind unter Verwendung verschiedener genetischer Modelle Die Untersuchung individueller Kreuzungseffekte für Milchleistungsmerkmale basiert auf den Milch-leistungsdaten von Rein- und Kreuzungszuchttieren der synthetischen Rasse Schwarzbuntes Milchrind (SMR), die zwischen den Jahren 1970 und 1984 zum ersten Mal abgekalbt haben. Insgesamt standen 3 Millionen Erstlaktierende aus herkömmlichen Haltungssystemen zur Verfügung. 1 111 311 Kühe konnten entsprechend ihrer Abstammung eindeutig definierten Kreuzungsgruppen zugeordnet werden. Die Schätzwerte für die additiven Rassenunterschiede und Heterosis im Dickerson-Modell (1969) korrespondieren weitgehend mit den von anderen Autoren publizierten Ergebnissen. Hoch signifikante, negat...
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