The deployment of anchor nodes (or beacon nodes) is a key element in the design of range-free localization schemes for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The majority of range-free localization schemes deploy numerous anchor nodes within the monitored region. However, in certain cases (e.g., hazardous areas), it may not be possible to manually install anchor nodes within the monitored region of a WSN. In this study, very few anchor nodes are installed at the boundary of a WSN monitored region to estimate the locations of unknown sensors. The locations of the unknown sensors are estimated based on the minimum hop counts to the anchor nodes. The average hop distance is estimated by applying parameters derived from prior experiments. The simulation results show that the range error of the proposed localization scheme can be as low as 0.15. The localization accuracy, computation cost, and communication cost of the proposed scheme are compared with those of the well-known DV-Hop method.

Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) provide distributed network and Internet access to sensors, controls, and processors that are deeply embedded in equipment, facilities, and the environment. The WINS network is a new monitoring and control capability for applications in transportation, manufacturing, health care, environmental monitoring, and safety and security. WINS combine microsensor technology, low power signal processing, low power computation, and low power, low cost wireless networking capability in a compact system. WINS networks will provide sensing, local control, and embedded intelligent systems in structures, materials, and environments. This paper describes the WINS architecture and WINS technology components including sensor interface and WINS event recognition systems.

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