Introduction:

Organ shortage is a major concern in many countries. The objective of this paper was to investigate the factors that contribute to the low quantity of organ donation in Malaysia. The 1311 respondents in this survey came from the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia (Malay, Chinese and Indian). The survey was based on these components: The reason for not pledging to become a donor; the reason of refusing to become a donor; and whether non-fungible incentive would influence decision. The lack of information and trust were the factors that influenced the respondents to remain apathetic to organ donation. The results denote that people are unlikely to become a donor even if non-fungible incentive were provided to them. Thus, it is important for the government bodies to evaluate the programme and strategies of public education in relation to organ donation.

The family is an important factor that influences an individual's decision for organ donation. The number of studies addressing the family's role in organ donation is limited. It is imperative to explore these studies and offer recommendations that may help in addressing organ shortage. 15 studies with more than 2100 participants were selected for a systematic review. The studies were accessed by searching three databases: MEDLINE, Elsevier, and PsycINFO. This systematic review indicates that knowledge about brain death and the circumstances surrounding organ donation and transplantation are the most important factors that affect a family's decision regarding organ donation. Educational efforts targeting the family should be initiated, which can then guide the family's decision on organ donation. We suggest that educational efforts be consistent with other factors such as religious beliefs that influence the family's decision.

Organ transplantation is a new treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, the total number of transplants performed in Malaysia in 2012 was only 94. Rates of deceased and living donors in Malaysia for 2012 were chronically low (0.55 and 1.87 per million population, respectively). A sample of 350 respondents in mosques, hospitals, and universities in various places in the Klang Valley, Kelantan and Pahang were collected between October and December 2013 to investigate the level of knowledge of health care professionals (HCPs), religious leaders (RLs), and academics (ACAs) and their stand on two issues on brain death. The result on the first issue (procuring organs from brain dead donors for transplantation) revealed that 52.8%, 23.7%, and 23.4% of HCPs, RLs, and ACAs, respectively, were in support of it; 30.2%, 31.8%, and 45.2% were uncertain about it; and 17%, 44.5%, and 31.5% were against it. On the second issue (terminating the life support machine of a brain dead person), 60.4%, 35.7%, and 25% of HCPs, RLs, and ACAs, respectively, were in support of it; 26.4%, 36.4%, and 38.7% were uncertain about it; and 13.2%, 27.7%, and 36.3% were against it. The lack of knowledge on Islam brain death-related issues should be addressed by educational efforts targeting these three groups of professionals. Special emphasis should be paid to educating RLs as they can channel their knowledge and perception to the other groups and to the Muslim public.

Background: This paper examined the importance and influence of post-transplantation follow-up visits on the quality-of-life (QoL) of living kidney donors in Malaysia. Methods: Based on data collected from 80 living kidney donors, the relationship between QoL and the frequency of follow-up visits was examined. QoL was measured using standard SF-8 questions to capture its different dimensions. Results: Donors in the 1991-1998 donation cohort have low QoL, especially in the domains of physical and vitality, compared with the other two cohorts (1999-2005 and 2006-2012). The mean scores showed that donors who never went for any follow-up activities visits experience low QoL in most of the categories, particularly those related to physical activities, implying the importance of follow-up activities visits in influencing the donors' QoL. Lower QoL was recorded for respondents that never received post-transplant treatment. Conclusion: Although this study found no serious post-transplant QoL issues in Malaysia, it is still important to set up a donor registry and provide free and mandatory follow-up visits for all donors in order to adequately monitor their health.