Background: Contaminated foods of animal origin are the primary reservoirs for human nontyphoidal Salmonellae infections. Transmission of Salmonellae to humans typically occurs by ingesting meat, dairy products, and other foods contaminated by animal faeces from foods contaminated with Salmonellae. Aim: This work aimed at the detection and incidence of viable Salmonella in local food products sold and consumed in Ado -Ekiti. Methods: Typing by pulsefield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of antimicrobial drug resistance genes, and antibiotic susceptibility testing were done. Results: Out 105 samples analyzed, Salmonella species was isolated in 77 with highest incidence (100%) observed in kunu, pork meat, egg roll, raw egg and chicken. The antimicrobial drug resistance patterns on the isolates showed that Salmonella species were resistant to cotrimoxazole (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (86%) and ofloxacin (57%) while decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (100%), streptomycin (100%), gentamycin (86%) and pefloxacin (71%) was found. multidrug resistance was observed in about 77% of the isolates. With PFGE, a total of eighty-three (83) patterns were observed and thirty-six 36(43%) isolates had the 3 most common patterns. All isolates from kunu and pork meat contained qnrB2, 6 (86%) isolates from egg roll contained blaCMY-2'; 9 (75%) isolates from liquid egg and chicken each contained blaCMY-23'. The total isolate of 73% is an indication of high incidence of Salmonella spp. in food products obtained in Ado-Ekiti. Conclusion: This study showed antimicrobial drug resistance in low resource settings and urgent need for surveillance and control of this phenomenon is recommended.

The quality of drinking water has always been a major health concern, especially in developing countries, where 80 % of the disease cases are attributed to inadequate sanitation and use of polluted water. This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbial analysis of drinking water of the hostels in the Federal polytechnic Ado, Ekiti state. Water samples were collected from the three hostels on campus. Physiochemical analysis, heavy metal analysis using Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and microbiological analysis were carried out using standard procedure. The Results of physico-chemical analysis indicated that mean values of Turbidity (6 NTU), Total Hardness (195 mg/L) and Fluoride 1.59 mg/L in water obtained from hand dug wells have exceeded the threshold limits recommended by regulatory authorities. The bacteriological analysis showed no growth on the eosin methylene plates indicating the absence of coliform bacteria in the three boreholes. Thus, the water is suitable for drinking. The total bacterial counts are within permissible levels that all the three boreholes. From the study, it was proven that the water is safe for drinking and other domestic purposes because the physiochemical and metal parameters are below the WHO permissible limit and pathogenic bacterial are absent in the sample water.

Introduction: Malaria, Typhoid fever, urinary schistosomiasis, AIDS and hepatitis B virus disease are major public health problems in the tropical and subtropical countries; they exert a huge burden of morbidity, mortality and economic loss on the populace. Aims: The study investigates the prevalence of co–infection of malaria, typhoid fever, urinary schistosomiasis, hepatitis B virus and HIV virus among 306 students between the ages of 10- 21 years in three local government areas of Ekiti – state Nigeria. Methodology: Blood samples were randomly collected for the examination of malaria parasites, typhoid fever, hepatitis B virus and HIV virus while urine examination was done for urinary schistosomiasis by random sampling and survey for a period one week. Results: The results show that the overall prevalence of malaria, typhoid fever, urinary schistosomiasis and hepatitis B virus were 42.2%, 2.9%, 2.9% and 2.9% respectively. The female students had the highest prevalence of single infection with malaria fever having the highest figure (42.2%). Malaria and Urinary schistosomiasis had the highest prevalence of double infection of 2.3 %, while schistosomiasis and hepatitis B had the lowest prevalence of 0.3%. Also, male students had the highest prevalence of double and triple infections. The co-infection rate of malaria, urinary Schistosomiasis and hepatitis B was 0.3% and this occurred in male between the ages of 19-21 years, none of the students tested positive for HIV virus and therefore no students was found in the quaternaries. Conclusion: Co-infections is prevalent in this study area, therefore there should be integrated control approach directed against these diseases.