We consider the contribution of microlensing to the AGN Fe Kα line and X-ray continuum amplification and variation. To investigate the variability of the line and X-ray continuum, we studied the effects of microlensing on quasar X-ray spectra produced by crossing of a microlensing pattern across a standard relativistic accretion disk. To describe the disk emission we used a ray tracing method considering both metrics, Schwarzschild and Kerr. We found that the Fe Kα and continuum may experience significant amplification by a microlensing event (even for microlenses of very small mass). Also, we investigate a contribution of microlensing to the X-ray variability of high-redshifted QSOs, finding that cosmologically distributed deflector may contribute significantly to the X-ray variability of high-redshifted QSOs (z > 2).

We consider the influence of microlensing on different spectral bands of lensed QSOs. We assumed that the emitting X‐ray, ultraviolet (UV) and optical regions are different in size, but that the continuum emission in these spectral bands is originating from an accretion disc. Estimations of the time‐scales for microlensing and flux amplification in different bands are given. We found that the microlensing duration should be shorter in the X‐ray (several months) than in UV/optical emitting region (several years). This result indicates that monitoring of the X‐ray variations in lensed QSOs that show a ‘flux anomaly’ can clarify the source of this anomaly.

Reducing CO 2 emission is one of the major environmental challenges for transportation. One way to solve this problem is to replace old cars that use fossil fuels (petrol, diesel) with new electric cars. In this paper, the existing model for calculating well-to-wheels CO 2 emission during the life cycle of the car (fossil fuel car and electric car) is upgraded. The developed model is used for comparing optimal lifetime and optimal car's kilometers driven during a lifetime in the replacement process of a fossil fuel car with a new electric car. We find that reducing CO 2 emission depends on the type of fossil fuel, and the weight of fossil fuel cars and electric cars. Changing petrol fossil fuel cars with lower weight electric cars have the greatest potential for reducing CO 2 emission. However, the introduction of electric cars does not achieve a significant reduction of CO 2 emission in countries where electricity is primarily produced in thermal power plants, i. e. in countries with a high emission factor of electricity production.

It is well known that the quality of death certificates determines the accuracy of public health mortality data. In the light of a pandemic, forensic pathologists must understand the true definition of a COVID-19 death and the requirements for filling out the death certificate, as these are critical for maintaining accurate and trustworthy mortality data. To determine the scope and evolution of the COVID-19 epidemic, accurate death certification is critical. We believe that COVID-19 should be enlisted under part II or section “note” (if it exists in DC form in a particular country) of the DC in all suicide instances and putrefied bodies with positive autopsy swabs for SARS-CoV-2. In addition to our suggestions for the completion of the DC in some COVID-19 instances, we feel that forensic pathologists should follow the WHO criteria for proper DC completion in COVID-19 cases. Better physician education at this stage of the pandemic would increase adherence to existing (WHO and CDC) standards. As a result, forensic pathologists with competence in death certification could help by teaching treating physicians in this area.