Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine–metabolic disorder affecting a vast population worldwide; it is linked with anovulation, mitochondrial dysfunctions and hormonal disbalance. Mutations in mtDNA have been identified in PCOS patients and likely play an important role in PCOS aetiology and pathogenesis; however, their causative role in PCOS development requires further investigation. As a low-grade chronic inflammation disease, PCOS patients have permanently elevated levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18). In this review, we summarise recent data regarding the role of mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial malfunctions in PCOS pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent papers dedicated to the identification of novel biomarkers for early PCOS diagnosis. Finally, traditional and new mitochondria-targeted treatments are discussed. This review intends to emphasise the key role of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in PCOS pathogenesis; however, the exact molecular mechanism is mostly unknown and requires further investigation.
К л и н и ч е с к и е р е к о м е н д а ц и и Ассоциация ревматологов России, Российское общество по изучению боли, Российская гастроэнтерологическая ассоциация, Российское научное медицинское общество терапевтов, Ассоциация травматологов-ортопедов России, Российская ассоциация паллиативной медицины РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ НЕСТЕРОИДНЫХ ПРОТИВОВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ. Клинические рекомендации КОЛЛЕКТИВ АВТОРОВ Каратеев Андрей Евгеньевич-заведующий лабораторией патофизиологии боли и полиморфизма скелетно-мышечных заболеваний ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой» 1 , докт. мед. наук Насонов Евгений Львович-научный руководитель ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой» 1 , заведующий кафедрой ревматологии ИПО ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет) 2 , президент Ассоциации ревматологов России, академик РАН, профессор, докт. мед. наук Ивашкин Владимир Трофимович-заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней лечебного факультета, директор Клиники пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии им. В.Х. Василенко ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет) 2 , главный внештатный специалист гастроэнтеролог Минздрава России, президент Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации, академик РАН, докт. мед. наук, профессор Мартынов Анатолий Иванович-профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии №1 лечебного факультета ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России 3 , академик РАН, докт. мед. наук, профессор Яхно Николай Николаевич-профессор кафедры нервных болезней лечебного факультета, директор научно-образовательного клинического центра неврологии ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет) 2 , президент Российского общества по изучению боли, академик РАН, докт. мед. наук, профессор Арутюнов Григорий Павлович-заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней и лучевой диагностики ФГБОУ ВО «Российский научно-исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России 4 , главный внештатный специалист терапевт Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, член-корреспондент РАН, докт. мед. наук, профессор Алексеева Людмила Ивановна-заведующая отделом метаболических заболеваний костей и суставов с центром профилактики остеопороза Минздрава России ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой» 1 , докт. мед. наук, профессор Абузарова Гузель Рафаиловна-руководитель центра паллиативной помощи онкологическим больным Московского научно-исследовательского онкологического института им. П.А. Герцена-филиала ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский радиологический центр» Минздрава России 5 , докт. мед. наук Евсеев Максим Александрович-научный руководитель по хирургии ФГБУ «К...
Atherosclerosis is still one of the main causes of death around the globe. This condition leads to various life-threatening cardiovascular complications. However, no effective preventive measures are known apart from lifestyle corrections, and no cure has been developed. Despite numerous studies in the field of atherogenesis, there are still huge gaps in already poor understanding of mechanisms that underlie the disease. Inflammation and lipid metabolism violations are undoubtedly the key players, but many other factors, such as oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This overview is focusing on the role of macrophages in atherogenesis, which are at the same time a part of the inflammatory response, and also tightly linked to the foam cell formation, thus taking part in both crucial for atherogenesis processes. Being essentially involved in atherosclerosis development, macrophages and foam cells have attracted attention as a promising target for therapeutic approaches.
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, lipoprotein oxidation leads to the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE) that can be recognized by the immune cells. Macrophage response to OSEs is recognized as a key trigger for initiation and a stimulator of progression of the inflammatory process in the arteries. At the same time, the role of oxidized LDL components is not limited to pro-inflammatory stimulation, but includes immunoregulatory effects that can have protective functions. It is, therefore, important to better understand the complexity of oxidized LDL effects in atherosclerosis in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to correct the inflammatory and metabolic imbalance associated with this disorder. In this review, we discuss the process of oxidized LDL formation, mechanisms of OSE recognition by macrophages and the role of these processes in atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of the development of cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. From the point of view of pathogenesis, atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease. A huge variety of processes, such as violation of mitophagy, oxidative stress, damage to the endothelium, and others, are involved in atherogenesis; however, the main components of atherogenesis are considered to be inflammation and alterations of lipid metabolism. In this review, we want to focus on inflammation, and more specifically on the cellular elements of adaptive immunity, T and B cells. It is known that various T cells are widely represented directly in atherosclerotic plaques, while B cells can be found, for example, in the adventitia layer. Of course, such widespread and well-studied cells have attracted attention as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Various approaches have been developed and tested for their efficacy.
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